ACI 440R 07 2007
$53.93
440R-07 Report on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ACI | 2007 | 104 |
Applications of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites as reinforcement for concrete structures have been growing rapidly in recent years. ACI Committee 440 has published design guidelines for internal FRP reinforcement, externally bonded FRP reinforcement for strengthening, prestressed FRP reinforcement, and test methods for FRP products. Although these guidelines exist, new products and applications continue to be developed. Thus, this report summarizes the current state of knowledge on these materials and their application to concrete and masonry structures. The purpose of this report is to act as an introduction to FRP materials in areas where ACI guides exist, and to provide information on the properties and behavior of concrete structures containing FRP in areas where guides are not currently available. If an ACI guide is available, the guide document supersedes information in this report, and the guide should always be followed for design and application purposes. ACI Committee 440 is also in the process of developing new guides and thus the current availability of guides should be checked by the reader. In addition to the material properties of the constituent materials (that is, resins and fibers) and products, current knowledge of FRP applications, such as internal reinforcement including prestressing, external strengthening of concrete and masonry structures, and structural systems, is discussed in detail. The document also addresses durability issues and the effects of extreme events, such as fire and blast. A summary of some examples of field applications is presented. Keywords: aramid fibers; blast; bridges; buildings; carbon fibers; composite materials; corrosion; design; dowels; ductility; durability; external reinforcement; fatigue; fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP); fibers; fire; glass fiber; masonry; mechanical properties; polymer resin; prestressed concrete; seismic; stay-in-place forms; structural systems; test methods.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 3 | CONTENTS CONTENTS |
| 4 | CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1— Introduction 1.1— Introduction |
| 5 | 1.2—Historical perspective of FRP composites 1.2—Historical perspective of FRP composites |
| 6 | 1.2.1 Industry statistics 1.2.1 Industry statistics 1.2.2 Product and benefits for construction applications 1.2.2 Product and benefits for construction applications CHAPTER 2— NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 2— NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1—Notation 2.1—Notation |
| 7 | 2.2—Definitions 2.2—Definitions |
| 10 | CHAPTER 3— CODES AND STANDARDS CHAPTER 3— CODES AND STANDARDS 3.1—Materials 3.1—Materials 3.2—Internal FRP reinforcement 3.2—Internal FRP reinforcement |
| 11 | 3.3—External FRP reinforcement 3.3—External FRP reinforcement |
| 13 | CHAPTER 4— COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND PROCESSES CHAPTER 4— COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND PROCESSES 4.1— Introduction 4.1— Introduction |
| 14 | 4.2—Polymer matrix: resins 4.2—Polymer matrix: resins 4.2.1 Polyester 4.2.1 Polyester 4.2.2 Epoxy 4.2.2 Epoxy 4.2.3 Vinylester 4.2.3 Vinylester |
| 15 | 4.2.4 Phenolic 4.2.4 Phenolic 4.2.5 Structural engineered polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastisol 4.2.5 Structural engineered polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastisol 4.3—Reinforcing fibers 4.3—Reinforcing fibers 4.3.1 Glass fibers 4.3.1 Glass fibers 4.3.2 Carbon fibers 4.3.2 Carbon fibers |
| 16 | 4.3.3 Aramid fibers 4.3.3 Aramid fibers 4.3.4 Steel fibers 4.3.4 Steel fibers 4.4—Types of reinforcement 4.4—Types of reinforcement 4.4.1 Multi-end and single-end rovings 4.4.1 Multi-end and single-end rovings |
| 17 | 4.4.2 Mats 4.4.2 Mats 4.4.3 Woven, stitched, and braided fabrics 4.4.3 Woven, stitched, and braided fabrics |
| 18 | 4.4.4 Unidirectional 4.4.4 Unidirectional 4.5—Additives and fillers 4.5—Additives and fillers 4.5.1 Additives and modifiers 4.5.1 Additives and modifiers 4.5.2 Fillers 4.5.2 Fillers 4.6—Core materials for sandwich structures 4.6—Core materials for sandwich structures 4.7—Adhesives 4.7—Adhesives 4.8—FRP manufacturing processes 4.8—FRP manufacturing processes 4.8.1 Pultrusion 4.8.1 Pultrusion |
| 19 | 4.8.2 Filament winding 4.8.2 Filament winding 4.8.3 Compression molding 4.8.3 Compression molding 4.8.4 Resin transfer molding 4.8.4 Resin transfer molding |
| 20 | 4.8.5 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding 4.8.5 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding 4.8.6 Hand lay-up 4.8.6 Hand lay-up 4.8.7 Centrifugal casting 4.8.7 Centrifugal casting CHAPTER 5— PROPERTIES, TEST METHODS, AND NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION CHAPTER 5— PROPERTIES, TEST METHODS, AND NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION 5.1— Introduction 5.1— Introduction 5.2—Typical properties of currently available products 5.2—Typical properties of currently available products |
| 21 | 5.3—Test methods for mechanical properties 5.3—Test methods for mechanical properties 5.3.1 Tension test methods 5.3.1 Tension test methods 5.3.2 Compression test methods 5.3.2 Compression test methods 5.3.3 Shear test methods 5.3.3 Shear test methods |
| 22 | 5.3.4 Flexural test methods 5.3.4 Flexural test methods 5.3.5 Bond test methods for internal FRP reinforcement 5.3.5 Bond test methods for internal FRP reinforcement 5.3.5.1 Pullout tests 5.3.5.1 Pullout tests |
| 23 | 5.3.5.2 Flexural bond tests 5.3.5.2 Flexural bond tests 5.3.5.3 Direct axial tension test 5.3.5.3 Direct axial tension test 5.3.6 Bond test methods for externally bonded FRP reinforcement 5.3.6 Bond test methods for externally bonded FRP reinforcement 5.3.6.1 Shear bond type tests 5.3.6.1 Shear bond type tests |
| 24 | 5.3.6.2 Tension-type bond tests 5.3.6.2 Tension-type bond tests 5.3.6.3 Mixed-mode bond tests 5.3.6.3 Mixed-mode bond tests 5.3.6.4 Bond overlap tests 5.3.6.4 Bond overlap tests 5.3.7 Concrete surface preparation for bond testing 5.3.7 Concrete surface preparation for bond testing |
| 25 | 5.4—Durability testing methods 5.4—Durability testing methods 5.4.1 Tensile fatigue testing met 5.4.1 Tensile fatigue testing met 5.4.1.1 Concrete prism tensile fatigue test method 5.4.1.1 Concrete prism tensile fatigue test method 5.4.1.2 Direct fatigue tests 5.4.1.2 Direct fatigue tests 5.4.2 Creep test methods 5.4.2 Creep test methods 5.5—Nondestructive inspection techniques for FRP materials 5.5—Nondestructive inspection techniques for FRP materials 5.5.1 Nondestructive inspection 5.5.1 Nondestructive inspection |
| 26 | 5.5.1.1 Visual inspection 5.5.1.1 Visual inspection 5.5.1.2 Tap testing 5.5.1.2 Tap testing 5.5.1.3 Ultrasonics 5.5.1.3 Ultrasonics 5.5.1.4 Radiography 5.5.1.4 Radiography 5.5.1.5 Shearography 5.5.1.5 Shearography 5.5.1.6 Thermography 5.5.1.6 Thermography CHAPTER 6— PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE MEMBERS WITH INTERNAL FRP REINFORCEMENT CHAPTER 6— PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE MEMBERS WITH INTERNAL FRP REINFORCEMENT |
| 27 | 6.1—Strength 6.1—Strength 6.1.1 Flexural strength 6.1.1 Flexural strength 6.1.2 Beam shear 6.1.2 Beam shear |
| 28 | 6.1.3 Punching shear 6.1.3 Punching shear |
| 29 | 6.2—Serviceability 6.2—Serviceability 6.2.1 Deflection considerations 6.2.1 Deflection considerations 6.2.2 Crack width and patterns 6.2.2 Crack width and patterns |
| 30 | 6.3—Bond and development of reinforcement 6.3—Bond and development of reinforcement |
| 31 | 6.4—Fatigue performance 6.4—Fatigue performance 6.5—Members reinforced with FRP grating systems 6.5—Members reinforced with FRP grating systems 6.6—Members reinforced with FRP grids 6.6—Members reinforced with FRP grids |
| 32 | 6.7—Pavement applications 6.7—Pavement applications CHAPTER 7— PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS CHAPTER 7— PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS 7.1—FRP tendons 7.1—FRP tendons 7.2—Anchorages 7.2—Anchorages 7.2.1 Clamp anchorage 7.2.1 Clamp anchorage 7.2.2 Plug and cone anchorage 7.2.2 Plug and cone anchorage 7.2.3 Resin sleeve anchorage 7.2.3 Resin sleeve anchorage 7.2.4 Resin potted anchorage 7.2.4 Resin potted anchorage 7.2.5 Metal overlaying 7.2.5 Metal overlaying 7.2.6 Split wedge anchorage 7.2.6 Split wedge anchorage |
| 33 | 7.3—Flexural behavior 7.3—Flexural behavior |
| 34 | 7.4—Fatigue behavior 7.4—Fatigue behavior |
| 35 | 7.5—Time-dependent behavior 7.5—Time-dependent behavior 7.6—Ductility and deformability 7.6—Ductility and deformability |
| 36 | 7.7—Transfer and development length 7.7—Transfer and development length 7.7.1 Transfer length 7.7.1 Transfer length 7.7.2 Flexural bond length 7.7.2 Flexural bond length 7.7.3 Summary 7.7.3 Summary 7.8—Shear behavior 7.8—Shear behavior |
| 37 | 7.9—External tendons 7.9—External tendons 7.10—Prestressed poles 7.10—Prestressed poles CHAPTER 8— REPAIR, STRENGTHENING, AND RETROFITTING CHAPTER 8— REPAIR, STRENGTHENING, AND RETROFITTING |
| 38 | 8.1—Flexural strengthening with non- prestressed FRP 8.1—Flexural strengthening with non- prestressed FRP 8.1.1 Static behavior in flexure 8.1.1 Static behavior in flexure |
| 39 | 8.1.2 Debonding failures 8.1.2 Debonding failures 8.1.2.1 8.1.2.1 8.1.2.2 8.1.2.2 |
| 40 | 8.1.2.3 8.1.2.3 8.1.2.4 8.1.2.4 8.1.2.5 8.1.2.5 8.1.3 Plate and sheet anchors 8.1.3 Plate and sheet anchors 8.1.4 Flexural strengthening using inorganic matrix 8.1.4 Flexural strengthening using inorganic matrix |
| 41 | 8.1.5 Slabs 8.1.5 Slabs 8.2—Flexural strengthening with prestressed FRP 8.2—Flexural strengthening with prestressed FRP |
| 42 | 8.3—Shear strengthening 8.3—Shear strengthening 8.4—Axial strengthening of columns 8.4—Axial strengthening of columns |
| 43 | 8.5—Seismic strengthening and retrofitting 8.5—Seismic strengthening and retrofitting 8.5.1 Seismic retrofit design 8.5.1 Seismic retrofit design |
| 44 | 8.6—Mechanically fastened fiber-reinforced polymer ( MF- FRP) laminates 8.6—Mechanically fastened fiber-reinforced polymer ( MF- FRP) laminates 8.7—Strengthening using near-surface-mounted FRP reinforcement 8.7—Strengthening using near-surface-mounted FRP reinforcement 8.7.1 Flexural strengthening 8.7.1 Flexural strengthening |
| 45 | 8.7.2 Shear strengthening 8.7.2 Shear strengthening 8.7.3 Development length and bond 8.7.3 Development length and bond 8.8—Design procedures 8.8—Design procedures CHAPTER 9— STRUCTURALLY INTEGRATED STAY- IN- PLACE FRP FORMS CHAPTER 9— STRUCTURALLY INTEGRATED STAY- IN- PLACE FRP FORMS 9.1— Introduction 9.1— Introduction |
| 46 | 9.2—Advantages and limitations of system 9.2—Advantages and limitations of system 9.3—Structural composition of FRP forms 9.3—Structural composition of FRP forms |
| 47 | 9.4—Fabrication processes of FRP structural forms 9.4—Fabrication processes of FRP structural forms 9.5—Concrete component 9.5—Concrete component 9.6—Construction considerations 9.6—Construction considerations 9.6.1 Concreting 9.6.1 Concreting 9.6.2 Bond between concrete and FRP 9.6.2 Bond between concrete and FRP 9.6.3 Protective coating of FRP 9.6.3 Protective coating of FRP 9.7—Behavior of axial members 9.7—Behavior of axial members 9.7.1 Background 9.7.1 Background |
| 48 | 9.7.2 FRP confinement versus steel confinement 9.7.2 FRP confinement versus steel confinement 9.7.3 Critical factors affecting confinement 9.7.3 Critical factors affecting confinement 9.7.4 Effect of loading tube axially 9.7.4 Effect of loading tube axially |
| 49 | 9.7.5 Effect of central holes 9.7.5 Effect of central holes 9.7.6 Slenderness effect 9.7.6 Slenderness effect 9.7.7 Effect of geometry of cross section 9.7.7 Effect of geometry of cross section 9.7.8 Effect of sustained loading 9.7.8 Effect of sustained loading |
| 50 | 9.7.9 Bond effects 9.7.9 Bond effects 9.7.10 Confinement models 9.7.10 Confinement models 9.8—Behavior of flexural and axial/ flexural members 9.8—Behavior of flexural and axial/ flexural members 9.8.1 Background of closed form systems 9.8.1 Background of closed form systems |
| 51 | 9.8.2 Background of open form systems 9.8.2 Background of open form systems 9.8.3 Effect of reinforcement ratio and laminate structure in CFFT flexural members 9.8.3 Effect of reinforcement ratio and laminate structure in CFFT flexural members |
| 52 | 9.8.4 Confinement effect in CFFTs in bending 9.8.4 Confinement effect in CFFTs in bending 9.8.5 CFFTs subjected to combined bending and axial loads 9.8.5 CFFTs subjected to combined bending and axial loads 9.8.6 Splices and joints in CFFTs 9.8.6 Splices and joints in CFFTs 9.8.7 Prestressed members 9.8.7 Prestressed members |
| 53 | 9.8.8 Hysteretic behavior of CFFTs 9.8.8 Hysteretic behavior of CFFTs 9.8.9 Sustained loading 9.8.9 Sustained loading CHAPTER 10— MASONRY APPLICATIONS CHAPTER 10— MASONRY APPLICATIONS 10.1— Introduction 10.1— Introduction |
| 54 | 10.2—FRP strengthening techniques 10.2—FRP strengthening techniques 10.3—FRP repair and strengthening of masonry 10.3—FRP repair and strengthening of masonry 10.3.1 Flexural strengthening 10.3.1 Flexural strengthening |
| 55 | 10.3.2 Shear strengthening 10.3.2 Shear strengthening |
| 56 | 10.3.3 Settlement repair 10.3.3 Settlement repair 10.4—Design and application considerations 10.4—Design and application considerations 10.4.1 FRP system selection requirements 10.4.1 FRP system selection requirements |
| 57 | 10.4.2 Detailing requirements 10.4.2 Detailing requirements |
| 58 | 10.4.3 Surface preparation 10.4.3 Surface preparation 10.4.4 Installation of FRP system 10.4.4 Installation of FRP system CHAPTER 11— DURABILITY OF FRP USED IN CONCRETE CHAPTER 11— DURABILITY OF FRP USED IN CONCRETE 11.1—Definition of durability 11.1—Definition of durability 11.2—Durability of FRP composites 11.2—Durability of FRP composites 11.2.1 Materials 11.2.1 Materials |
| 59 | 11.2.2 Overview of ASCE/CERF document 11.2.2 Overview of ASCE/CERF document 11.2.3 Environments 11.2.3 Environments 11.2.3.1 Moisture (water and salt solution) 11.2.3.1 Moisture (water and salt solution) 11.2.3.2 Chemical solutions 11.2.3.2 Chemical solutions 11.2.3.3 Alkaline environment 11.2.3.3 Alkaline environment 11.2.3.4 Extreme temperature and thermal cycling 11.2.3.4 Extreme temperature and thermal cycling 11.2.3.5 Low temperature and freezing and thawing 11.2.3.5 Low temperature and freezing and thawing 11.2.3.6 Creep and relaxation 11.2.3.6 Creep and relaxation |
| 60 | 11.2.3.7 Fatigue 11.2.3.7 Fatigue 11.2.3.8 UV radiation 11.2.3.8 UV radiation 11.3—Internal reinforcement 11.3—Internal reinforcement 11.3.1 Introduction 11.3.1 Introduction 11.3.2 Moisture 11.3.2 Moisture 11.3.3 Alkaline environment 11.3.3 Alkaline environment |
| 61 | 11.3.4 Low temperature and freezing and thawing 11.3.4 Low temperature and freezing and thawing 11.3.5 Temperature 11.3.5 Temperature 11.3.6 Creep and relaxation 11.3.6 Creep and relaxation 11.3.7 Fatigue 11.3.7 Fatigue 11.3.8 UV exposure 11.3.8 UV exposure 11.4—External reinforcement 11.4—External reinforcement |
| 62 | 11.4.1 Moisture (water and salt solution) 11.4.1 Moisture (water and salt solution) 11.4.2 Alkaline environment 11.4.2 Alkaline environment 11.4.3 Extreme temperature and thermal cycling 11.4.3 Extreme temperature and thermal cycling 11.4.4 Freezing and thawing 11.4.4 Freezing and thawing |
| 63 | 11.4.5 Creep 11.4.5 Creep 11.4.6 Fatigue 11.4.6 Fatigue 11.4.7 UV exposure 11.4.7 UV exposure 11.4.8 Condition of existing structural members 11.4.8 Condition of existing structural members |
| 64 | 11.5—Structurally integrated stay-in-place ( SIP) forms 11.5—Structurally integrated stay-in-place ( SIP) forms |
| 65 | CHAPTER 12— FIRE AND BLAST EFFECTS CHAPTER 12— FIRE AND BLAST EFFECTS 12.1— Introduction 12.1— Introduction 12.2—Fire 12.2—Fire 12.2.1 Fire safety in structures 12.2.1 Fire safety in structures 12.2.2 FRPs and fire 12.2.2 FRPs and fire |
| 66 | 12.2.2.1 Strength and stiffness at elevated temperature 12.2.2.1 Strength and stiffness at elevated temperature 12.2.2.2 Bond properties at elevated temperature 12.2.2.2 Bond properties at elevated temperature 12.2.2.3 Flame spread, smoke generation, and toxicity 12.2.2.3 Flame spread, smoke generation, and toxicity |
| 67 | 12.2.3 Fire tests on FRP-reinforced or strengthened concrete 12.2.3 Fire tests on FRP-reinforced or strengthened concrete 12.2.3.1 FRP-reinforced concrete or FRP prestressed structural concrete members 12.2.3.1 FRP-reinforced concrete or FRP prestressed structural concrete members 12.2.3.2 FRP-strengthened structural concrete members 12.2.3.2 FRP-strengthened structural concrete members 12.2.4 Current treatment in codes and guidelines 12.2.4 Current treatment in codes and guidelines |
| 68 | 12.3—Blast effects 12.3—Blast effects 12.3.1 Blast strengthening of reinforced concrete columns 12.3.1 Blast strengthening of reinforced concrete columns |
| 69 | 12.3.2 Blast strengthening of walls 12.3.2 Blast strengthening of walls 12.3.2.1 Reinforced concrete walls 12.3.2.1 Reinforced concrete walls 12.3.2.2 Unreinforced masonry walls 12.3.2.2 Unreinforced masonry walls |
| 70 | 12.3.2.3 Wall design 12.3.2.3 Wall design CHAPTER 13— FIELD APPLICATIONS CHAPTER 13— FIELD APPLICATIONS 13.1—FRP as internal reinforcement 13.1—FRP as internal reinforcement 13.1.1 FRP for concrete bridge decks 13.1.1 FRP for concrete bridge decks 13.1.2 Hall’s Harbour Wharf, (2000) (Nova Scotia, Canada) GFRP bar reinforcement 13.1.2 Hall’s Harbour Wharf, (2000) (Nova Scotia, Canada) GFRP bar reinforcement 13.1.3 FRP barrier walls 13.1.3 FRP barrier walls |
| 71 | 13.1.4 Specialty applications 13.1.4 Specialty applications |
| 72 | 13.1.5 Applications of CFRP grids in precast concrete structures 13.1.5 Applications of CFRP grids in precast concrete structures 13.1.6 Applications of CFRP grids in concrete repair 13.1.6 Applications of CFRP grids in concrete repair |
| 73 | 13.2—Prestressing applications 13.2—Prestressing applications 13.2.1 Internal pretensioned reinforcement 13.2.1 Internal pretensioned reinforcement 13.2.2 Post-tensioning applications 13.2.2 Post-tensioning applications 13.2.3 CFRP tendons for lighting poles 13.2.3 CFRP tendons for lighting poles |
| 74 | 13.3—External reinforcement 13.3—External reinforcement 13.3.1 Beam and girder repair 13.3.1 Beam and girder repair |
| 75 | 13.3.2 Column wrapping 13.3.2 Column wrapping |
| 76 | 13.3.3 Nuclear reactor containment structure 13.3.3 Nuclear reactor containment structure 13.3.4 Prestressed FRP plates or sheets 13.3.4 Prestressed FRP plates or sheets 13.4—Masonry applications 13.4—Masonry applications 13.5—Stay-in-place FRP forms 13.5—Stay-in-place FRP forms |
| 77 | 13.5.1 Marine pile systems and applications 13.5.1 Marine pile systems and applications 13.5.2 Bridge girders 13.5.2 Bridge girders |
| 78 | CHAPTER 14— RESEARCH NEEDS CHAPTER 14— RESEARCH NEEDS 14.1— Introduction 14.1— Introduction 14.2—Key research needs 14.2—Key research needs 14.2.1 Durability and performance-related topics 14.2.1 Durability and performance-related topics 14.2.1.1 Identification of appropriate environments for durability testing 14.2.1.1 Identification of appropriate environments for durability testing |
| 79 | 14.2.1.2 Durability studies of externally bonded FRP repair or retrofit measures 14.2.1.2 Durability studies of externally bonded FRP repair or retrofit measures 14.2.1.3 Durability studies of internal FRP reinforcement 14.2.1.3 Durability studies of internal FRP reinforcement 14.2.1.4 Service life prediction of structures using FRP 14.2.1.4 Service life prediction of structures using FRP 14.2.1.5 Fire resistance and protection of FRP 14.2.1.5 Fire resistance and protection of FRP 14.2.1.6 Seismic and blast resistance of FRP systems 14.2.1.6 Seismic and blast resistance of FRP systems 14.2.2 Development of standardized test methods 14.2.2 Development of standardized test methods 14.2.3 Design and construction guidelines and specifications 14.2.3 Design and construction guidelines and specifications 14.2.4 New materials and systems 14.2.4 New materials and systems 14.2.4.1 Innovative and hybrid materials 14.2.4.1 Innovative and hybrid materials 14.2.4.2 Innovative reinforcing schemes 14.2.4.2 Innovative reinforcing schemes 14.2.4.3 Self-sensing FRP structural health-monitoring systems 14.2.4.3 Self-sensing FRP structural health-monitoring systems 14.2.5 Future research directions 14.2.5 Future research directions 14.2.5.1 Leveraging properties of FRP in infrastructure 14.2.5.1 Leveraging properties of FRP in infrastructure 14.2.5.2 Innovative material properties 14.2.5.2 Innovative material properties 14.2.5.3 FRP in sustainable construction 14.2.5.3 FRP in sustainable construction |
| 80 | 14.2.5.4 Research partnerships 14.2.5.4 Research partnerships 14.3—Conclusions 14.3—Conclusions CHAPTER 15— REFERENCES CHAPTER 15— REFERENCES 15.1— Referenced standards and reports 15.1— Referenced standards and reports |
| 81 | 15.2—Cited references 15.2—Cited references |
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