ASCE Manual 105 05:2005 Edition

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Manual of Practice No. 105: Animal Waste Containment in Lagoons

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASCE	2005	221

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Description

This book provides a comprehensive view of the state-of-the-art practice of animal waste containment and gives directions for future research techniques. Practitioners in the following disciplines will find this manual very beneficial: water resources, environmental, geotechnical, and agricultural engineering. Topics include: fate of nitrogen compounds in animal waste lagoons; seepage and transport through anaerobic lagoon liners, clogging of animal waste lagoon liners; evaluating seepage losses and liner performance at animal waste lagoon using water balance methods; use of coal combustion by-products as low permeability liners for manure storage facilities; and air quality issues associated with livestock production.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
6	CONTENTS
10	ABOUT THE AUTHORS
11	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
12	LIST OF FIGURES
16	LIST OF TABLES
18	1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Oxidation Pond
19	1.2 Unaerated Aerobic Lagoons 1.3 Anaerobic Lagoons
21	1.4 Lagoon Problems 1.4.1 Overflow
22	1.4.2 Leakage 1.4.3 Odor
23	1.5 Lagoon Phase-Out
25	1.6 Conclusions
28	2 FATE OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN ANIMAL WASTE LAGOONS
29	2.1 Nitrogen in Animal Waste Lagoons
31	2.2 Transformations and Removal
32	2.2.1 Ammonification
35	2.2.2 Volatilization
36	2.2.3 Nitrification
38	2.2.4 Denitrification
39	2.2.5 Plant and Microbial Uptake 2.2.6 Deposition 2.2.7 Adsorption
41	2.3 Subsurface Transport
42	2.4 Conclusions
44	3 SEEPAGE AND TRANSPORT THROUGH ANAEROBIC LAGOON LINERS
48	3.1 Experimental Program to Assess Seepage Characteristics of Southwest Kansas Soils
52	3.2 Experimental Program to Assess Transport Characteristics of Southwest Kansas Soils Subjected to Lagoon Waste
60	3.3 Transport through Field-Scale Liners
61	3.4 NH[sub(4)]-N Migration below Liner
65	3.5 Conclusions
70	4 CLOGGING OF ANIMAL WASTE LAGOON LINERS: AN OVERVIEW
72	4.1 Physical Clogging
73	4.2 Chemical Clogging
75	4.3 Biological Clogging
79	4.4 Ammonium Transport Simulations Using SWMS-2D
80	4.4.1 Scenario 1: Hydraulic Conductivity Reduction of the Liner due to Clogging
83	4.4.2 Scenario 2: Scraping the Top Portion of the Lagoon Liner
86	4.4.3 Scenario 3: Scrape-and-Replace the Top Portion of the Lagoon Liner
90	4.5 Conclusions
92	5 EVALUATING SEEPAGE LOSSES AND LINER PERFORMANCE AT ANIMAL WASTE LAGOONS USING WATER BALANCE METHODS
95	5.1 Measuring the Lagoon Water Balance and Seepage Rate
96	5.2 Measuring Changes in Waste Level
100	5.3 Estimating Evaporation from Lagoons 5.3.1 Class-A Evaporation Pans
103	5.3.2 Floating Evaporation Pans
104	5.3.3 Calculating Evaporation Using Meteorological Formulas
109	5.4 Water Balance Example
111	5.5 Recommended Approach for Estimating the Seepage Rate and Uncertainty
112	5.6 Alternative Techniques for Measuring Water Balance and Seepage
114	5.7 Evaluating the In-Situ Performance of a Compacted Liner and Chemical Export
118	5.8 Conclusions
120	6 USE OF COAL COMBUSTION BY-PRODUCTS AS LOW PERMEABILITY LINERS FOR MANURE STORAGE FACILITIES 6.1 What are Coal Combustion By-Products?
123	6.2 Engineering Characteristics of FGD Materials
128	6.3 Full-Scale FGD-Material-Lined Test Facility 6.3.1 Design of Facility
130	6.3.2 Construction of Facility
137	6.3.3 Monitoring of Facility
138	6.3.4 Monitoring Observations and Discussion
159	6.4 Advantages and Limitations of FGD Liners
160	6.5 Conclusions
162	7 AIR QUALITY ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
163	7.1 Animal Waste and Air Quality
165	7.1.1 Properties and Effects of Manure Gases and Vapors
172	7.1.2 Air Pollutant Emissions from Animal Waste Containment Systems
179	7.2 Strategies for Air Quality Control
180	7.2.1 Waste Treatment Technologies
187	7.2.2 Production Strategies
192	7.2.3 Economic Considerations 7.3 Research and Development Needs
197	7.4 Conclusions
200	REFERENCES
216	INDEX A B
217	C D E F
218	G H I K L M
219	N O P R S
220	T U V W
221	Z