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ASCE Manual 77 93 1993

ASCE Manual 77 93 1993

$68.25

Manual of Practice No. 77: Design and Construction of Urban Stormwater Management Systems

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ASCE 1993 761
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 Design and Construction of Urban Stormwater Management Systems (Manual of Practice No. 77) updates relevant portions of the ASCE/WPCF Manual of Practice No. 37, Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers. This update is necessary due to the many changes taking place in the field such as the use of microcomputers and the need to control the quality of runoff as well as the quantity. In order to broaden the base of experience reflected in the Manual, each chapter was prepared by one or more authors with experience and expertise in the particular subject area. Thus, the Manual aids the practicing engineer by presenting a brief summary of currently accepted procedures relating to the following areas: 1) Financial services; 2) regulations; 3) surveys and investigations; 4) design concepts and master planning; 5) hydrology and water quality; 6) storm drainage hydraulics; and 7) computer modeling.

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16 TABLE OF CONTENTS
38 CHAPTER 1: EVOLUTION OF URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
39 II. NEED FOR THE MANUAL
41 III. ORGANIZATION OF THE MANUAL
42 IV. THE INTENDED AUDIENCE
V. THEMES AND PRINCIPLES THAT DRIVE THE DESIGN EFFORT
45 VI. GLOSSARY
49 VII. REFERENCES
52 CHAPTER 2: FINANCIAL, LEGAL, AND REGULATORY CONCERNS
I. INTRODUCTION
53 II. FINANCIAL
54 A. STATE AND FEDERAL SOURCES
57 B. LOCAL SOURCES
63 III. LEGAL
A. GENERAL RULES OF LAW
65 B. LIABILITY ISSUES
68 IV. REGULATORY CONCERNS
A. FLOODPLAIN REGULATION
70 B. SECTION 404 PERMITS
71 C. EROSION CONTROL, STORMWATER DETENTION, AND SUBDIVISION ORDINANCES AND CODES
73 D. STORMWATER QUALITY
74 V. REFERENCES
76 CHAPTER 3: SURVEYS AND INVESTIGATIONS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. DEFINITIONS
77 III. MONITORING AND DATA COLLECTION
78 IV. INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR DESIGN
A. TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
B. SURVEY AND BOUNDARY DATA
79 C. SOILS AND GEOLOGIC DATA
D. HYDROLOGIC AND HYDRAULIC DATA
80 E. REGULATORY DATA
81 V. FINANCIAL DATA
VI. DATA MANAGEMENT
VII. REFERENCES
83 CHAPTER 4: DESIGN CONCEPTS AND MASTER PLANNING
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PRINCIPLES
85 III. DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
A. NATURAL CHANNELS
86 B. EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION
87 IV. BASIC CONCEPTUAL ELEMENTS
88 V. PREVENTIVE AND CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
A. PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
89 B. DELINEATION OF FLOODPLAINS
90 C. CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
VI. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
91 A. MAJOR DRAINAGEWAYS
B. STREETS
92 C. STORM SEWERS
D. STORM INLETS
E. INTERSECTIONS
F. FLOW CONTROL DEVICES
G. TRASH RACKS (SAFETY RACKS)
93 H. DETENTION FACILITIES
I. WATER QUALITY MITIGATION MEASURES (OTHER THAN DETENTION)
J. OTHER SPECIAL STRUCTURES
94 VII. RISK ANALYSIS
A. DEFINITIONS
95 B. METHODOLOGY
VIII. DESIGN ECONOMICS
96 IX. DRAINAGE MASTER PLANNING
97 X. REFERENCES
100 CHAPTER 5: HYDROLOGY AND INTRODUCTION TO WATER QUALITY
I. INTRODUCTION
A. EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON STREAMFLOWS
102 B. QUALITY OF URBAN RUNOFF
II. QUANTITY OF STORMWATER
A. OVERVIEW
103 B. DESIGN POINTS, CATCHMENTS, AND RETURN PERIODS
104 C. METHODS FOR COMPUTING STORMWATER FLOWS
105 D. DESIGN RAINFALL
115 E. RAINFALL ABSTRACTIONS
120 F. RUNOFF HYDROGRAPHS
127 G. RATIONAL METHOD FOR PEAK DISCHARGE
133 H. ASSESSING THE REASONABLENESS OF COMPUTED FLOWS
134 I. INTERPRETATION OF COMPUTED FLOWS
J. SIGNIFICANCE OF HISTORIC FLOOD DATA
135 III. QUALITY OF STORM SEWER DISCHARGES
A. POLLUTANT SOURCES: NON-STORM WATER SOURCES
137 B. POLLUTANT SOURCES: RUNOFF RELATED SOURCES
141 C. WATER QUALITY IMPACTS OF STORM WATER DISCHARGES
146 IV. REFERENCES
150 CHAPTER 6: STORM DRAINAGE HYDRAULICS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. FLOW CLASSIFICATION
152 A. STEADY VS. UNSTEADY FLOW
B. UNIFORM VS. NONUNIFORM FLOW
153 C. OPEN CHANNEL VS. CLOSED CONDUIT FLOW
D. LAMINAR VS. TURBULENT FLOW
154 E. SUBCRITICAL VS. SUPERCRITICAL FLOW
III. CONSERVATION OF MASS
158 IV. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
160 V. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
162 A. HYDRAULIC AND ENERGY GRADE LINES
B. SPECIFIC ENERGY
163 C. FROUDE NUMBER
165 D. CRITICAL DEPTH
166 VI. NORMAL DEPTH
173 VII. WATER SURFACE PROFILES
175 VIII. HYDRAULIC JUMP
178 IX. FRICTION LOSSES
179 A. HAZEN-WILLIAMS FORMULA
180 B. DARCY-WEISBACH EQUATION
C. MANNING EQUATION
183 X. MINOR LOSSES
185 A. TRANSITION LOSSES
186 B. ENTRANCE LOSSES
C. MANHOLE AND JUNCTION LOSSES
194 D. BEND LOSSES
XI. CALCULATION OF WATER SURFACE PROFILES
200 XII. SPECIAL HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
A. STORM SEWER INLETS
205 B. CULVERTS
C. ENERGY DISSIPATORS
206 D. DROP STRUCTURES
E. OUTLET STRUCTURES
207 XIII. ROUTING
A. TYPES OF ROUTING METHODS
209 B. DETENTION BASIN ROUTING BY MODIFIED PULS METHOD
217 XIV. REFERENCES
220 CHAPTER 7: COMPUTER MODELLING
I. INTRODUCTION
221 II. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
A. DRAINAGE AND FLOODING
B. DETENTION/RETENTION STORAGE
C. SEDIMENTATION
D. WATER QUALITY
222 III. URBAN MODELING OBJECTIVES AND CONSIDERATIONS
A. PLANNING, ANALYSIS/DESIGN AND OPERATION
223 B. WHEN SHOULD A MODEL BE USED?
225 IV. MODEL DEFINITION
226 V. OVERVIEW OF AVAILABLE MODELING OPTIONS
A. INTRODUCTION
227 B. CONTINUOUS VERSUS SINGLE-EVENT SIMULATION
C. MODELING OPTIONS
236 VI. COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS
237 VII. STEPS IN MODELING
A. DATA REQUIREMENTS
238 B. BASIC INPUT DATA
C RAINFALL INPUT
239 D. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
E. CALIBRATION
240 F. VERIFICATION
G. UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
241 H. PRODUCTION RUNS
242 VIII. MODELS
A. PUBLISHED REVIEWS
B. MODELS TO BE REVIEWED
248 IX. MODEL SELECTION
249 X. COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING AND DESIGN (CADD)
250 XI SUMMARY
252 XII. REFERENCES
262 CHAPTER 8: DESIGN OF DRAINAGE CONVEYANCES
I. INTRODUCTION
263 II. FREQUENCY OF DESIGN RUNOFF
264 III. GENERALIZED DESIGN PROCEDURES
A. PRELIMINARY DESIGN
269 B. OVERVIEW OF FINAL DESIGN
270 IV. SYSTEM LAYOUT
271 A. LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
B. MANHOLES (CLEANOUT STRUCTURES)
272 C. GRADE AND COVER
V. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF STORM SEWERS
A. DESIGN OF CLOSED CONDUITS
275 B. PRESSURIZED STORM SEWERS
280 VI. STORM SEWER INLETS
A. CATEGORIES, DEFINITIONS, AND APPLICATIONS
281 B. CURB OPENING INLETS
282 C. GRATE INLETS
D. CURB AND GRATE (COMBINATION) INLETS
E. SPECIAL PURPOSE INLETS
283 F. INLET DESIGN CRITERIA AND PRACTICES
284 G. INLET SELECTION
VII. INFILTRATION AND EXFILTRATION
A. DELIBERATE INFILTRATION/EXFILTRATION
286 B. INADVERTENT INFILTRATION/EXFILTRATION
287 VIII. STREET AND INTERSECTION DESIGN
A. CLASSIFICATION OF STREETS
288 B. EFFECT OF STORMWATER RUNOFF ON STREET TRAFFIC CAPACITY
C. STORM DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR URBAN STREETS
296 D. STORM DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR RURAL STREETS
297 IX. MAJOR DRAINAGEWAYS (OPEN CHANNELS)
299 A. CHOICE OF CHANNEL
300 B. HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
302 C. CONCRETE-LINED CHANNELS
306 D. GRASS-LINED ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS
317 E. NATURAL AND COMPOSITE CHANNELS
320 F. OTHER CHANNELS
323 X. CULVERTS AND BRIDGES
A. CULVERTS
346 B. BRIDGES
352 XI. APPLICATION OF THE RATIONAL METHOD IN DESIGN
355 XII. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
A. ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES
359 B. ENGINEER’S ESTIMATE OF CONSTRUCTION COST
XIII. REFERENCES
364 CHAPTER 9: SPECIAL STRUCTURES AND APPURTENANCES
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EROSION AND SCOUR
365 A. DETERMINATION OF SCOUR POTENTIAL
369 B. CHANNEL SIDE SLOPES
C. LOCAL SCOUR
373 D. STRUCTURAL MEASURES FOR CHANNEL PROTECTION
III. EROSION PROTECTION MEASURES FOR CHANNELS
A. DEFINITIONS, CATEGORIES, AND APPLICATIONS
376 B. CHANNEL BANK AND BED PROTECTION
388 C. RIPRAP PROTECTION AT OUTLETS
392 IV. CHECK DAMS
A. CATEGORIES, DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS
394 B. POROUS CHECK DAMS
C. IMPERVIOUS CHECK DAMS
395 D. CHECK DAM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
396 V. ENERGY DISSIPATORS
A. DEFINITIONS, APPLICATIONS AND CATEGORIES
397 B. RIPRAP BASINS FOR SMALL CULVERT OUTLETS
399 C. STILLING BASINS
401 D. SIMPLE ENERGY-DISSIPATING HEADWALLS
E. DESIGN CRITERIA AND PRACTICES
406 VI. DROP STRUCTURES
A. CATEGORIES, DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS
408 B. OPEN CHANNEL DROPS (DROP SPILLWAYS)
412 C. DROP SHAFT STRUCTURES
416 VII. SIPHONS
A. DEFINITIONS, CATEGORIES, AND APPLICATIONS
417 B. SINGLE-BARREL SIPHONS
C. MULTI-BARREL SIPHONS
418 D. DESIGN CRITERIA AND PRACTICES
419 VIII. SIDE-OVERFLOW WEIRS
A. DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS
420 B. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
421 C. DESIGN PRACTICES
423 IX. FLOW SPLITTERS, JUNCTIONS, FLAP GATES, AND MANHOLES
A. FLOW SPLITTERS
B. JUNCTIONS
424 C. FLAP GATES
D. MANHOLES
427 X. STORMWATER PUMPING
A. INTRODUCTION
B. PLANNING AND SITE CONSIDERATIONS
C. DESIGN FEATURES
428 D. STORAGE
E. PUMPS
435 F. MASS CURVE ROUTING
436 XI. REFERENCES
440 CHAPTER 10: COMBINED SEWER SYSTEMS
I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF COMBINED SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
A. INTRODUCTION
B. FLOW REGULATION DEVICES
449 C. OVERFLOWS
D. INTERCEPTORS
450 II. COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW POLLUTION LOADS
453 III. METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
A. GENERAL
454 B. DATA COLLECTION
C. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
456 D. ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING AND FUTURE LAND-BASED CONDITIONS
458 E. DEFINITION OF RECEIVING WATER ISSUES AND GOALS
IV. COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW MITIGATION TECHNIQUES
A. GENERAL
459 B. IDENTIFICATION OF APPLICABLE CSO MITIGATION TECHNIQUES
460 C. COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
D. NONSTRUCTURAL TECHNIQUES
462 E. STRUCTURAL ALTERNATIVES
468 F. SELECTION OF CSO MITIGATION TECHNIQUES
469 V. REFERENCES
473 CHAPTER 11: DESIGN OF STORMWATER IMPOUNDMENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
A. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
474 B. WATER QUALITY PROVISIONS
475 II. TYPES OF IMPOUNDMENTS
479 III. THE TWO BASIC APPROACHES
A. ON-SITE IMPOUNDMENTS
481 B. WATERSHED PLANNING AND REGIONAL DETENTION BASINS
485 IV. DETERMINING STORAGE AND OUTLET CHARACTERISTICS
A. RATIONAL METHOD
488 B. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE METHODS
489 C. OTHER MODELING PROCEDURES
D. PROVISIONS TO BYPASS FLOWS FROM UPSTREAM
V. OUTLETS AND TRASH RACKS
A. OUTLET TYPES
491 B. TRASH RACKS
494 C. OUTLET SAFETY
495 VI. SPILLWAYS, EMBANKMENTS AND UNDERDRAINAGE
A. EMERGENCY SPILLWAYS
497 B. EMBANKMENTS
499 C. UNDERDRAINAGE OF IMPOUNDMENT AREAS
502 VII. SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
A. DETENTION BASINS IN FLOOD PLAINS
503 B. WET BASINS
506 C. INFILTRATION BASINS
509 D. ON-STREAM IMPOUNDMENTS
E. OVERSIZING STORM SEWERS TO SERVE AS STORMWATER IMPOUNDMENTS
510 F. RECREATION AND AESTHETIC USES
511 G. UNDERGROUND IMPOUNDMENTS
H. PUMP-EVACUATED IMPOUNDMENTS
517 IX. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS
A. MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN STAGE
519 B. MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS, GENERAL
C. OUTLET MAINTENANCE
520 X. REFERENCES
523 CHAPTER 12: STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR WATER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
II. HYDROLOGY FOR RUNOFF QUALITY CONTROL
525 III. AXIOMS FOR THE DESIGN OF URBAN RUNOFF QUALITY CONTROLS
526 IV. SOURCE CONTROLS
V. SITE CONTROLS FOR STORMWATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
A. MINIMIZATION OF DIRECTLY CONNECTED IMPERVIOUS AREA
530 B. SWALES AND FILTER STRIPS
533 C. POROUS PAVEMENT AND PARKING BLOCKS
534 D. INFILTRATION DEVICES
539 VI. DETENTION PRACTICES
540 A. DRY DETENTION
541 B. WET DETENTION PONDS
547 VII. USING WETLANDS FOR STORMWATER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT
VIII. ALUM TREATMENT OF STORMWATER
548 IX. IMPLEMENTING STORMWATER QUALITY CONTROLS
550 XI. REFERENCES
553 CHAPTER 13: MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE
I. INTRODUCTION
A. GENERAL
B. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
554 C. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
D. MATERIALS
555 II. MATERIALS FOR OPEN, LINED CHANNELS
III. CONDUIT MATERIALS
A. RIGID PIPE
558 B. FLEXIBLE PIPE
566 C. PIPE JOINTS
569 IV. MAINTENANCE
A. INTRODUCTION
B. MAINTENANCE OBJECTIVES
570 C. LIFE-CYCLE STAGES OF A STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
571 D. MAINTENANCE OF OPEN CHANNEL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
573 E. MAINTENANCE OF PIPED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
574 V. SUMMARY
VI. REFERENCES
576 CHAPTER 14: STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
577 III. PROJECT LIFETIME FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN
578 IV. ESTABLISHMENT OF DESIGN CONDITIONS
A. GENERAL
B. FLOW CONDITIONS
579 C. GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS
D. ADJACENT EARTH CONDITIONS
580 E. SUPERIMPOSED LOADINGS
F. CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS
G. DOCUMENTATION OF CRITICAL DESIGN CONDITIONS
581 V. DETERMINATION OF LOADS
A. GENERAL
B. HYDRAULIC LOADS
582 C. EARTH LOADS
585 D. GROUNDWATER LOADS
586 E. SUPERIMPOSED LOADS
VI. STABILITY ANALYSIS
A. GENERAL
587 B. OVERTURNING
C. SLIDING
590 D. UPLIFT AND FLOTATION
592 E. SOIL BEARING PRESSURES
VII. DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
A. GENERAL
593 B. SELECTION OF MATERIALS
C. SIZING OF MEMBERS
VIII. CONDUIT STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
A. INTRODUCTION
594 B. LOADS ON SEWERS CAUSED BY GRAVITY EARTH FORCES
617 C. SUPERIMPOSED LOADS ON SEWERS
636 D. PIPE BEDDING AND BACKFILLING
640 E. DESIGN SAFETY FACTOR AND PERFORMANCE LIMITS
644 F. RIGID SEWER PIPE DESIGN
654 G. FLEXIBLE SEWER PIPE DESIGN
663 IX. DESIGN OF OTHER SPECIFIC STRUCTURES
A. OPEN CHANNEL LININGS
666 B. OPEN CHANNEL STRUCTURES
667 C. CLOSED CONDUIT APPURTENANCES
669 D. DETENTION/RETENTION DAMS AND PONDS
670 X. REFERENCES
674 CHAPTER 15: CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. CONTRACT DRAWINGS
675 A. DRAWING PREPARATION
B. CONTENTS
678 III. SPECIFICATIONS
679 A. ADDENDA
B. BIDDING REQUIREMENTS
683 C. CONTRACT FORMS
685 D. CONDITIONS OF THE CONTRACT
E. DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS
687 IV. CHECKLIST
A. BIDDING REQUIREMENTS
688 B. CONTRACT FORMS
C. CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT
689 D. DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS
690 V. REFERENCES
691 CHAPTER 16: CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS
I. INTRODUCTION
692 II. CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS
A. GENERAL
693 B. RIGHT-OF-WAY
C. PRELIMINARY LAYOUTS
D. SETTING LINE AND GRADE
696 III. SAFETY
A. GENERAL
B. EXCAVATION
C. TUNNELLING
D. BLASTING
697 IV. SITE PREPARATION
A. CLEARING AND GRUBBING
B. ACCESS
698 C. UTILITIES
V. EXCAVATION
A. GENERAL
B. STRIPPING
699 C. LARGE SCALE EXCAVATION
D. SMALL-SCALE EXCAVATION
701 E. DREDGING
F. ROCK EXCAVATION
702 VI. OPEN-TRENCH CONSTRUCTION
A. TRENCH DIMENSIONS
B. EXCAVATION PROCEDURES
703 C. SHEETING AND BRACING
704 VII. TUNNELLING
705 A. AUGER OR BORING METHOD
706 B. JACKING
707 C. MINING METHODS
710 VIII. DEWATERING
711 IX. FOUNDATIONS
712 X. BACKFILLING
A. DEGREE OF COMPACTION
713 B. TRENCH BACKFILLING SEQUENCE
714 C. METHODS OF COMPACTION
717 XI. PIPE STORM SEWERS
A. STORM SEWER PIPE QUALITY
B. STORM SEWER PIPE HANDLING
C. STORM SEWER PIPE PLACEMENT
719 D. MANHOLES AND INLETS
XII. OPEN CHANNELS
A. TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNELS
720 B. RECTANGULAR CHANNELS
C. LOW-FLOW CHANNELS
D. STRUCTURES
721 XIII. RIPRAP
A. NON-GROUTED RIPRAP
722 B. GROUTED RIPRAP
724 XIV. EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL
XV. SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
A. RAILROAD CROSSINGS
725 B. PRINCIPAL TRAFFIC ARTERIES
C. OUTFALL STRUCTURES
726 XVI. CONSTRUCTION RECORDS
XVII. REFERENCES
728 APPENDIX A: PLANNING AND DESIGN EXAMPLES
I. RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY PROTECTION—NEWPORT NEWS, VA
A. Introduction
730 B. Regional BMP Siting Coniderations
731 C. General Design Criteria
732 D. Recommended Regional BMP Facilities Plan
E. Water Quality Benefits
F. Project Priorities
734 G. Cost Estimates
H. References
II. CASE STUDY OF A MULTIPURPOSE FLOOD CONTROL FACILITY
A. Introduction
735 B. Recent History of Infrastructure Needs
743 C. Designing the Multi-Purpose Project
747 D. Financing the Multi-Purpose Project
750 E. Constructing the Multi-Purpose Project
F. Building Community Support for the Multi-Purpose Project
G. Summary and Conclusions
751 H. References
752 INDEX
A
B
C
753 D
754 E
F
755 G
H
I
J
756 K
L
M
N
O
757 P
Q
R
758 S
760 T
U
V
W
761 Z

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ASCE Manual 77 93 1993
$68.25