ASME BPVC VIII 2 2015

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ASME BPVC – VIII – 2 -2015 BPVC Section VIII, Division 2: Alternative Rules

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASME	2015	848

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Description

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Cover
3	Copyright
4	TABLE OF CONTENTS
17	LIST OF SECTIONS
18	INTERPRETATIONS CODE CASES
19	FOREWORD
21	STATEMENT OF POLICY ON THE USE OF THE CERTIFICATIONMARK AND CODE AUTHORIZATION IN ADVERTISING STATEMENT OF POLICY ON THE USE OF ASME MARKING TOIDENTIFY MANUFACTURED ITEMS
22	SUBMITTAL OF TECHNICAL INQUIRIES TO THE BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL STANDARDS COMMITTEES
24	PERSONNEL ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Standards Committees, Subgroups, and Working Groups
41	SUMMARY OF CHANGES
46	LIST OF CHANGES IN RECORD NUMBER ORDER
48	CROSS-REFERENCING AND STYLISTIC CHANGES IN THE BOILERAND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE
50	PART 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1.1 General 1.2 Scope
53	1.3 Standards Referenced by This Division 1.4 Units of Measurement
54	1.5 Tolerances 1.6 Technical Inquiries 1.7 Tables Tables 1.1 Year of Acceptable Edition of Referenced Standards in This Division
56	Annex 1-B Definitions
57	3.15 Impact Test Exemption Curves — Parts Subject to PWHT and Nonwelded Parts (See Figures 3
58	Annex 1-C Guidance for the Use of U.S. Customary and SI Units in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes
59	1-C.1 Typical Size or Thickness Conversions for Fractions 1-C.2 Typical Size or Thickness Conversions
60	1-C.3 Typical Size or Length Conversions 1-C.4 Typical Nominal Pipe Size Conversions
61	1-C.5 Typical Area Conversions 1-C.6 Typical Volume Conversions 1-C.7 Typical Pressure Conversions
62	1-C.8 Typical Strength Conversions 1-C.9 Typical Temperature Conversions
63	1-C.10 Conversion Factors
64	Part 2 Responsibilities and Duties 2.1 General 2.2 User Responsibilities
66	2.3 Manufacturer’s Responsibilities
68	2.4 The Inspector
69	Annex 2-A Guide for Certifying a User’s Design Specification
70	2-A.1 Typical Certification of Compliance of the User’s Design Specification
71	Annex 2-B Guide for Certifying a Manufacturer’s Design Report
72	2-B.1 Typical Certification of Compliance of the Manufacturer’s Design Report
73	Annex 2-C Report Forms and Maintenance of Records
75	Annex 2-D Guide for Preparing Manufacturer’s Data Reports 2-D.1 Instructions for the Preparation of Manufacturer’s Data Reports
77	2-D.2 Supplementary Instructions for the Preparation of Manufacturer’s Data Reports for Layered Vessels
78	2-D.3 Manufacturer’s Data Report Forms
85	Annex 2-E Quality Control System
88	Annex 2-F Contents and Method of Stamping
92	Figures 2-F.1 Form of Stamping
93	Annex 2-G Obtaining and Using Certification Mark Stamps
95	Annex 2-H Guide to Information Appearing on the Certificate of Authorization 2-H.1 Instructions for the Preparation of a Certificate of Authorization
97	2-H.1 Sample Certificate of Authorization
98	Annex 2-I Establishing Governing Code Editions and Cases for Pressure Vessels and Parts
99	Part 3 Materials Requirements 3.1 General Requirements 3.2 Materials Permitted for Construction of Vessel Parts
105	3.3 Supplemental Requirements for Ferrous Materials
107	3.4 Supplemental Requirements for Cr–Mo Steels
109	3.5 Supplemental Requirements for Q&T Steels With Enhanced Tensile Properties 3.6 Supplemental Requirements for Nonferrous Materials
110	3.7 Supplemental Requirements for Bolting
112	3.8 Supplemental Requirements for Castings
114	3.9 Supplemental Requirements for Hubs Machined From Plate
115	3.10 Material Test Requirements
118	3.11 Material Toughness Requirements
129	3.12 Allowable Design Stresses 3.13 Strength Parameters 3.14 Physical Properties 3.15 Design Fatigue Curves 3.16 Design Values for Temperatures Colder Than -30°C (-20°F
130	3.17 Nomenclature 3.18 Definitions 3.19 Tables 3.1 Material Specifications
131	3.2 Composition Requirements for 2.25Cr–1Mo–0.25V Weld Metal 3.3 Toughness Requirements for 2.25Cr–1Mo Materials 3.4 Low Alloy Bolting Materials for Use With Flanges Designed to Part 4, 4.16
132	3.5 High Alloy Bolting Materials for Use With Flanges Designed to Part 4, 4.16
133	3.6 Aluminum Alloy, Copper, and Copper Alloy Bolting Materials for Use With Flanges Designed to Part 4, 4.16 3.7 Nickel and Nickel Alloy Bolting Materials for Use With Flanges Designed to Part 4, 4.16
134	3.8 Bolting Materials for Use With Flanges Designed to Part 5 3.9 Maximum Severity Levels for Castings With a Thickness of Less Than 50 mm (2 in 3.10 Maximum Severity Levels for Castings With a Thickness of 50 mm to 305 mm (2 in. to 12 in
135	3.11 Charpy Impact Test Temperature Reduction Below the Minimum Design Metal Temperature 3.12 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels as a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength – Parts Not Subject to PWHT (See Figures 3.3 and 3.3M 3.13 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels as a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength — Parts Subject to PWHT (See Figures 3.4 and 3.4M
136	3.14 Impact Test Exemption Curves — Parts Not Subject to PWHT (See Figures 3.7 and 3.7M
137	and 3.8M 3.16 Reduction in the MDMT, TR, Without Impact Testing — Parts Not Subject to PWHT (See Figures 3.12 and 3.12M
138	3.17 Reduction in the MDMT, TR, Without Impact Testing — Parts Subject to PWHT and Nonwelded Parts (See 3.13 and 3.13M
139	3.20 Figures 3.1 Cr-Mo Heat Treatment Criteria
140	3.2 Typical Locations for Tensile Specimens
141	3.3 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels as a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength – Parts Not Subject to PWHT
142	3.3M Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels as a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength – Parts Not Subject to PWHT
143	3.4 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels as a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength – Parts Subject to PWHT
144	3.4M Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels as a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength – Parts Subject to PWHT
145	3.5 Illustration of Lateral Expansion in a Broken Charpy V-Notch Specimen
146	3.6 Lateral Expansion Requirements 3.6M Lateral Expansion Requirements
147	3.7 Impact Test Exemption Curves – Parts Not Subject to PWHT
149	3.7M Impact Test Exemption Curves – Parts Not Subject to PWHT
151	3.8 Impact Test Exemption Curves – Parts Subject to PWHT and Non-welded Parts
153	3.8M Impact Test Exemption Curves – Parts Subject to PWHT and Non-welded Parts
155	3.9 Typical Vessel Details Illustrating the Governing Thickness
156	3.10 Typical Vessel Details Illustrating the Governing Thickness
157	3.11 Typical Vessel Details Illustrating the Governing Thickness
158	3.12 Reduction in the MDMT Without Impact Testing – Parts Not Subject to PWHT
159	3.12M Reduction in the MDMT Without Impact Testing – Parts Not Subject to PWHT
160	3.13 Reduction in the MDMT Without Impact Testing – Parts Subject to PWHT and Non-welded Parts
161	3.13M Reduction in the MDMT Without Impact Testing – Parts Subject to PWHT and Non-welded Parts for Figures 3.12, 3.12M, 3.13, and 3.13M
162	3.14 Orientation and Location of Transverse Charpy V-Notch Specimens
163	3.15 Weld Metal Delta Ferrite Content
164	Annex 3-A Allowable Design Stresses
165	3-A.1 Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Materials
169	3-A.2 Quenched and Tempered High Strength Steels
170	3-A.3 High Alloy Steel
175	x 3-A.4 Aluminum Alloys
176	3-A.5 Copper Alloys 3-A.6 Nickel and Nickel Alloys
178	3-A.7 Titanium and Titanium Alloys
179	3-A.8 Ferrous Bolting Materials for Design in Accordance With Part 4
181	3-A.9 Aluminum Alloy and Copper Alloy Bolting Materials for Design in Accordance With Part 4
182	3-A.10 Nickel and Nickel Alloy Bolting Materials Bolting Materials for Design in Accordance With Part 4 3-A.11 Bolting Materials for Design in Accordance With Part 5
184	Annex 3-B Requirements for Material Procurement
185	Annex 3-C ISO Material Group Numbers
186	Annex 3-D Strength Parameters
189	3-D.1 Stress–Strain Curve Parameters 3-D.2 Cyclic Stress–Strain Curve Data
191	3-D.2M Cyclic Stress–Strain Curve Data
193	Annex 3-E Physical Properties
194	Annex 3-F Design Fatigue Curves
196	3-F.1 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 110.1—Carbon, Low Alloy, Series 4XX, High Alloy Steels, and High Tensile Strength Steels for Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C (700°F) — 3-F.2 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 110.1—Carbon, Low Alloy, Series 4XX, High Alloy Steels, and High Tensile Strength Steels for Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C (700°F) —
197	3-F.3 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 110.2.1—Series 3XX High Alloy Steels, Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steels, Nickel–Chromium–Iron Alloy, Nickel–Iron–Chromium Alloy, and Nickel–Copper Alloy for Temperatures Not Exceeding 427°C (800°F) Where 3-F.4 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 110.3 — Wrought 70 Copper–Nickel for Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C (700°F 3-F.5 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 110.3 — Wrought 70 Copper–Nickel for Temperatures Not Exceeding 370°C (700°F
198	3-F.6 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 110.3 — Wrought 70 Copper–Nickel for Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C (700°F 3-F.7 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 110.4—Nickel–Chromium–Molybdenum–Iron, Alloys X, G, C-4, and C-276 for Temperatures Not Exceeding 427°C (800°F
199	3-F.8 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 120.1 — High Strength Bolting for Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C (700°F 3-F.9 Data for Fatigue Curves in Tables 3-F.1 Through 3-F.8
200	3-F.10 Coefficients for the Welded Joint Fatigue Curves 3-F.10M Coefficients for the Welded Joint Fatigue Curves
202	Part 4 Design by Rule Requirements 4.1 General Requirements
207	4.1.1 Design Loads 4.1.2 Design Load Combinations
208	4.2 Design Rules for Welded Joints
214	4.2.1 Definition of Weld Categories 4.2.2 Definition of Weld Joint Types
215	4.2.3 Definition of Material Types for Welding and Fabrication Requirements 4.2.4 Some Acceptable Weld Joints for Shell Seams
217	4.2.5 Some Acceptable Weld Joints for Formed Heads
219	4.2.6 Some Acceptable Weld Joints for Unstayed Flat Heads, Tubesheets Without a Bolting Flange, and Side Plates of Rectangular Pressure Vessels
220	4.2.7 Some Acceptable Weld Joints With Butt Weld Hubs
221	4.2.8 Some Acceptable Weld Joints for Attachment of Tubesheets With a Bolting Flange
222	4.2.9 Some Acceptable Weld Joints for Flange Attachments
225	4.2.10 Some Acceptable Full Penetration Welded Nozzle Attachments Not Readily Radiographable
227	4.2.11 Some Acceptable Pad Welded Nozzle Attachments and Other Connections to Shells
229	4.2.12 Some Acceptable Fitting-Type Welded Nozzle Attachments and Other Connections to Shells
230	4.2.13 Some Acceptable Welded Nozzle Attachments That Are Readily Radiographable
232	4.2.14 Some Acceptable Partial Penetration Nozzle Attachments
233	4.2.1 Weld Joint Locations Typical of categories A, B, C, D, and E 4.2.2 Some Bracket, Lug and Stiffener Attachment Weld Details
235	4.2.3 Some Acceptable Methods of Attaching Stiffening Rings
236	4.2.4 Some Acceptable Skirt Weld Details
237	4.3 Design Rules for Shells Under Internal Pressure
250	4.3.1 Large End Junction
251	4.3.2 Small End Junction 4.3.3 Pressure Applied to Large End Junction
252	4.3.4 Equivalent Line Load Applied to Large End Junction
253	4.3.5 Pressure Applied to Small End Junction
254	xi 4.3.6 Equivalent Line Load Applied to Small End Junction
255	4.3.7 Stress Calculations — Knuckle — Large End Cylinder
256	4.3.8 Stress Calculations — Flare — Small End Cylinder
258	4.3.1 Conical Shell 4.3.2 Offset Transition Detail
259	4.3.3 Torispherical Head of Uniform Thickness 4.3.4 Torispherical Head of Different Thickness of Dome and Knuckle 4.3.5 Ellipsoidal Head
260	4.3.6 Local Thin Band in a Cylindrical Shell
261	4.3.7 Shells Subjected to Supplemental Loadings
262	4.3.8 Conical Transition Details
263	4.3.9 Reinforcement Requirements for Conical Transition Junction
264	4.3.10 Parameters for Knuckle and Flare Design
265	4.4 Design of Shells Under External Pressure and Allowable Compressive Stresses
281	4.4.1 Maximum Metal Temperature for Compressive Stress Rules
282	vi 4.4.1 Lines of Support or Unsupported Length for Typical Vessel Configurations
283	4.4.2 Lines of Support or Unsupported Length for Unstiffened and Stiffened Cylindrical Shells
284	4.4.3 Stiffener Ring Parameters
285	4.4.4 Various Arrangements of Stiffening Rings for Cylindrical Vessels Subjected to External Pressure
286	4.4.5 Maximum Arc of Shell Left Unsupported Because of a Gap in the Stiffening Ring of a Cylindrical Shell Under External Pressure
287	4.4.6 Lines of Support or Unsupported Length for Unstiffened and Stiffened Conical Shells
288	4.4.7 Lines of Support or Unsupported Length for Unstiffened and Stiffened Conical Shell Transitions With or Without a Knuckle
289	4.5 Design Rules for Openings in Shells and Heads
309	4.5.1 Minimum Number of Pipe Threads for Connections 4.5.2 Nozzle Minimum Thickness Requirements
310	4.5.1 Nomenclature for Reinforced Openings
311	4.5.2 Nomenclature for Variable Thickness Openings
312	4.5.3 Radial Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell
313	4.5.4 Hillside Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell
314	4.5.5 Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell Oriented at an Angle from the Longitudinal Axis
315	4.5.6 Radial Nozzle in a Conical Shell
316	4.5.7 Nozzle in a Conical Shell Oriented Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
317	4.5.8 Nozzle in a Conical Shell Oriented Parallel to the Longitudinal Axis
318	4.5.9 Radial Nozzle in a Formed Head 4.5.10 Hillside or Perpendicular Nozzle in a Formed Head
319	4.5.11 Example of Two Adjacent Nozzle Openings 4.5.12 Example of Three Adjacent Nozzle Openings
320	4.5.13 Metal Area Definition for A2 With Variable Thickness of Set-in Nozzles
321	4.6 Design Rules for Flat Heads 4.5.14 Metal Area Definition for A2 With Variable Thickness of Set-on Nozzles
325	4.6.1 C Parameter for Flat Head Designs
329	4.6.2 Junction Stress Equations for an Integral Flat Head With Opening 4.6.3 Stress Acceptance Criteria for an Integral Flat Head With Opening
330	4.7 Design Rules for Spherically Dished Bolted Covers 4.6.1 Integral Flat head With a Large Central Opening
337	4.7.1 Type a Dished Cover With a Bolting Flange 4.7.1 Junction Stress Equations and Acceptance Criteria for a Type D Head
338	4.7.2 Type B Spherically Dished Cover With a Bolting Flange 4.7.3 Type C Spherically Dished Cover With a Bolting Flange
339	4.8 Design Rules for Quick-Actuating (Quick Opening) Closures 4.7.4 Type D Spherically Dished Cover With a Bolting Flange 4.7.5 Type D Head Geometry for Alternative Design Procedure
341	4.9 Design Rules for Braced and Stayed Surfaces
342	4.9.1 Stress Factor for Braced and Stayed Surfaces
343	4.9.1 Typical Forms of Welded Staybolts
344	4.10 Design Rules for Ligaments
345	4.10.1 Example of Tube Spacing With the Pitch of Holes Equal in Every Row 4.10.2 Example of Tube Spacing With the Pitch of Holes Unequal in Every Second Row
346	4.10.3 Example of Tube Spacing With the Pitch of Holes Varying in Every Second and Third Row 4.10.4 Example of Tube Spacing With the Tube Holes on Diagonal Lines
347	4.10.5 Diagram for Determining the Efficiency of Longitudinal and Diagonal Ligaments Between Openings in Cylindrical Shells
348	4.10.6 Diagram for Determining the Equivalent Efficiency of Diagonal Ligaments Between Openings in Cylindrical Shells
349	4.11 Design Rules for Jacketed Vessels
352	4.11.1 Design of Closure Member of Jacket to Shell
358	4.11.2 Design of Jacket Penetration Details
360	4.11.3 Coefficients for Equation (4.11.5
362	4.11.1 Types of Jacketed Vessels
363	4.11.2 Types of Partial Jackets
364	4.12 Design Rules for Noncircular Vessels 4.11.3 Half Pipe Jackets
374	4.12.1 Noncircular Vessel Configurations and Types
375	4.12.2 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 1 Noncircular Vessels (Rectangular Cross Section
377	4.12.3 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 2 Noncircular Vessels (Rectangular Cross Section With Unequal Side Plate Thicknesses
379	4.12.4 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 3 Noncircular Vessels (Chamfered Rectangular Cross Section
380	4.12.5 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 4 Noncircular Vessels (Reinforced Rectangular Cross Section
382	4.12.6 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 5 Noncircular Vessels (Reinforced Rectangular Cross Section With Chamfered Corners
385	4.12.7 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 6 Noncircular Vessels (Reinforced Octagonal Cross Section With Chamfered Corners
389	4.12.8 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 7 Noncircular Vessels (Rectangular Cross Section With Single-Stay Plate or Multiple Bars
390	4.12.9 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 8 Noncircular Vessels (Rectangular Cross Section With Double-Stay Plate or Multiple Bars
391	4.12.10 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 9 Noncircular Vessels (Obround Cross Section)
392	4.12.11 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 10 Noncircular Vessels (Reinforced Obround Cross Section
394	4.12.12 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 11 Noncircular Vessels (Obround Cross Section With Single-Stay Plate or Multiple Bars
395	4.12.13 Stress Calculations and Acceptance Criteria for Type 12 Noncircular Vessels (Circular Cross Section With Single-Stay Plate
396	4.12.14 Effective Width Coefficient
397	4.12.15 Compressive Stress Calculations
398	4.12.1 Type 1 Noncircular Vessels
399	4.12.2 Type 2 Noncircular Vessels
400	4.12.3 Type 3 Noncircular Vessels
401	4.12.4 Type 4 Noncircular Vessels
402	4.12.5 Type 5 Noncircular Vessels
403	4.12.6 Type 6 Noncircular Vessels
404	4.12.7 Type 6 Noncircular Vessels
405	4.12.8 Type 7 Noncircular Vessels
406	4.12.9 Type 8 Noncircular Vessels
407	4.12.10 Type 9 Noncircular Vessels
408	4.12.11 Type 10 Noncircular Vessels
409	4.12.12 Type 11 Noncircular Vessels
410	4.12.13 Type 12 Noncircular Vessels 4.12.14 Multi-Diameter Holes
411	4.12.15 Rectangular Vessels With Multiple Compartments
412	4.13 Design Rules for Layered Vessels
418	vii 4.13.1 Some Acceptable Layered Shell Types
419	4.13.2 Some Acceptable Layered Head Types
420	4.13.3 Transitions of Layered Shell Sections
421	4.13.4 Some Acceptable Welded Joints of Layered-to-Layered and Layered-to-Solid Sections
422	4.13.5 Some Acceptable Solid Head Attachments to Layered Shell Sections
424	4.13.6 Some Acceptable Flat Heads and Tubesheets With Hubs Joining Layered Shell Sections
425	4.13.7 Some Acceptable Flanges for Layered Shells
426	4.13.8 Some Acceptable Layered Head Attachments to Layered Shells
427	4.13.9 Some Acceptable Nozzle Attachments to Layered Shell Sections
429	4.13.10 Some Acceptable Supports for Layered Vessels
430	4.14 Evaluation of Vessels Outside of Tolerance 4.13.11 Gap Between Vessel Layers 4.14.1 LTA Blend Radius Requirements
431	4.15 Design Rules for Supports and Attachments
439	4.15.1 Stress Coefficients for Horizontal Vessels on Saddle Supports
440	4.15.1 Horizontal Vessel on Saddle Supports
441	4.15.2 Cylindrical Shell Without Stiffening Rings
442	4.15.3 Cylindrical Shell With Stiffening Rings in the Plane of the Saddle
443	4.15.4 Cylindrical Shell With Stiffening Rings on Both Sides of the Saddle
444	4.15.5 Locations of Maximum Longitudinal Normal Stress and Shear Stress in the Cylinder
445	4.15.6 Locations of Maximum Circumferential Normal Stresses in the Cylinder
446	4.15.7 Skirt Attachment Location on Vertical Vessels
447	4.15.8 A Typical Hot-Box Arrangement for Skirt Supported Vertical Vessels
448	4.16 Design Rules for Flanged Joints
454	4.16.1 Gasket Factors for Determining the Bolt Loads
455	4.16.2 Recommended Minimum Gasket Contact Width
456	4.16.3 Effective Gasket Width for Determining the Bolt Loads
458	4.16.4 Flange Stress Factors Equations Involving Diameter
460	4.16.5 Flange Stress Factor Equations
462	4.16.6 Moment Arms for Flange Loads for the Operating Condition 4.16.7 Flange Moments of Inertia
463	4.16.8 Flange Stress Equations 4.16.9 Flange Stress Acceptance Criteria
464	4.16.10 Flange Rigidity Criterion 4.16.11 Bolt Spacing Equations
465	4.16.1 Integral Type Flanges
466	4.16.2 Integral Type Flanges With a Hub
467	4.16.3 Integral Type Flanges With Nut Stops – Diameter Less Than or Equal to 450 mm (18 in
468	4.16.4 Integral Type Flanges With Nut Stops – Diameter Greater Than 450 mm (18 in
469	4.16.5 Loose Type Flanges
470	4.16.6 Loose Type Lap Joint Type Flanges
471	4.16.7 Reverse Flanges
472	4.16.8 Location of Gasket Reaction Load Diameter
473	4.17 Design Rules for Clamped Connections
479	4.17.1 Flange Stress Equations
480	4.17.2 Flange Stress Acceptance Criteria
481	4.17.1 Typical Hub and Clamp Configuration
482	4.18 Design Rules for Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 4.17.2 Typical Clamp Lugs Configurations
518	xii 4.18.1 Effective Elastic Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio for a Perforated Plate With an Equilateral Triangular Hole Pattern 4.18.2 Effective Elastic Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio for a Perforated Plate With a Square Hole Pattern
519	4.18.3 Evaluation of Za , Zd, Zv , Zw, Zm, and Fm
520	4.18.4 Evaluation of Ft ,min and Ft ,max
521	4.18.5 Flanged-and-Flued or Flanged-Only Expansion Joint Load Cases and Stress Limits 4.18.6 Tubesheet Effective Bolt Load, W 4.18.7 Load Combinations Required to Evaluate the Heat Exchanger for the Design Condition
522	4.18.8 Load Combinations Required to Evaluate the Heat Exchanger for Each Operating Condition x 4.18.9 Load Combinations Required to Evaluate the Heat Exchanger for Each Operating Condition x
523	4.18.1 Terminology of Heat Exchanger Components
524	4.18.2 Tubesheet Geometry
525	4.18.3 Typical Untubed Lane Configurations
526	4.18.4 U-Tube Tubesheet Configurations
527	4.18.5 Fixed Tubesheet Configurations
528	4.18.6 Zd , Zv , Zw, and Zm Versus Xa
529	4.18.7 Fm Versus Xa (0.0 = Q3 = 0.8
530	4.18.8 Fm Versus Xa (-0.8 = Q3 = 0.0
531	4.18.9 Shell With Increased Thickness Adjacent to the Tubesheets
532	4.18.10 Floating Tubesheet Heat Exchangers
533	4.18.11 Stationary Tubesheet Configurations
534	4.18.12 Floating Tubesheet Configurations
535	4.18.13 Some Acceptable Types of Tube-to-Tubesheet Strength Welds
536	4.18.14 Tube Layout Perimeter
537	4.18.15 Integral Channels 4.18.16 Some Representative Configurations Describing the Minimum Required Thickness of the Tubesheet Flanged Extension, hr
538	4.19 Design Rules for Bellows Expansion Joints
548	4.19.1 Maximum Design Temperatures for Application of the Rules of 4.19
549	4.19.2 Stress Calculations and Acceptability Criteria for U-Shaped Unreinforced Bellows Subject to Internal Pressure
550	4.19.3 Method to Determine Coefficient Cp
551	4.19.4 Method to Determine Coefficient Cf 4.19.5 Method to Determine Coefficient Cd
552	4.19.6 Allowable Number of Cycles for U-Shaped Unreinforced Bellows
553	4.19.7 Stress Calculations and Acceptability Criteria for U-Shaped Reinforced Bellows Subject to Internal Pressure
554	4.19.8 Allowable Number of Cycles for U-Shaped Reinforced Bellows
555	4.19.9 Stress Calculations and Acceptability Criteria for Toroidal Bellows Subject to Internal Pressure 4.19.10 Stress and Axial Stiffness Coefficients for Toroidal Bellows
556	4.19.11 Allowable Number of Cycles for Toroidal Bellows
558	4.19.1-1 Typical Bellows Expansion Joints
559	4.19.1-2 Starting Points for the Measurement of the Length of Shell on Each Side of Bellows
560	4.19.2 Possible Convolution Profile in Neutral Position 4.19.3 Dimensions to Determine Ixx
561	4.19.4 Bellows Subject to an Axial Displacement x 4.19.5 Bellows Subject to a Lateral Displacement y
562	4.19.6 Bellows Subjected to an Angular Rotation
563	4.19.7 Cyclic Displacements 4.19.8 Cyclic Displacements
564	viii 4.19.9 Cyclic Displacements
565	4.19.10 Some Typical Expansion Bellows Attachment Welds
566	4.19.11 Cp Versus C1 and C2
567	4.19.12 Cf Versus C1 and C2
568	4.19.13 Cd Versus C1 and C2
569	Forms 4.19.1 Metric Form Specification Sheet for ASME Section VIII, Division 2 Bellows Expansion Joints, Metric Units
570	4.19.2 U.S. Customary Form Specification Sheet for ASME Section VIII, Division 2 Bellows Expansion Joints, U.S. Customary Units
571	4.20 Design Rules for Flanged-and-Flued or Flanged-Only Expansion Joints
572	4.20.1 Typical Flanged-and-Flued or Flanged-Only Flexible Elements
573	4.20.2 Typical Nozzle Attachment Details Showing Minimum Length of Straight Flange
574	Annex 4-A
575	Annex 4-B Guide for the Design and Operation of Quick-Actuating (Quick-Opening) Closures
578	Annex 4-C Basis for Establishing Allowable Loads for Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints
582	4-C.1 Efficiencies for Welded and/or Expanded Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints
584	4-C.1 Some Acceptable Types of Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints
585	4-C.2 Typical Test Fixtures for Expanded or Welded Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints
586	Annex 4-D Guidance to Accommodate Loadings Produced by Deflagration
588	Annex 4-E Tube Expanding Procedures and Qualification
592	TEXP-1 Tube Expanding Procedure Specification (TEPS
594	TEXP-1 Instructions for Filling Out TEPS Form
596	TEXP-2 Suggested Format for Tube-to-Tubesheet Expanding Procedure Qualification Record for Test Qualification (TEPQR
598	Part 5 Design by Analysis Requirements 5.1 General Requirements
599	5.2 Protection Against Plastic Collapse
604	5.3 Protection Against Local Failure
605	5.4 Protection Against Collapse From Buckling
606	5.5 Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading
617	5.6 Supplemental Requirements for Stress Classification in Nozzle Necks
618	5.7 Supplemental Requirements for Bolts 5.8 Supplemental Requirements for Perforated Plates
619	5.9 Supplemental Requirements for Layered Vessels 5.10 Experimental Stress Analysis 5.11 Fracture Mechanic Evaluations 5.12 Definitions
621	5.13 Nomenclature
625	5.14 Tables 5.1 Loads and Load Cases to Be Considered in a Design
626	5.2 Load Descriptions 5.3 Load Case Combinations and Allowable Stresses for an Elastic Analysis
627	5.4 Load Case Combinations and Load Factors for a Limit Load Analysis 5.5 Load Case Combinations and Load Factors for an Elastic–Plastic Analysis
628	5.6 Examples of Stress Classification
630	5.7 Uniaxial Strain Limit for Use in Multiaxial Strain Limit Criterion 5.8 Temperature Factors for Fatigue-Screening Criteria
631	5.9 Fatigue-Screening Criteria for Method A 5.10 Fatigue-Screening Criteria Factors for Method B 5.11 Weld Surface Fatigue-Strength-Reduction Factors 5.12 Weld Surface Fatigue-Strength-Reduction Factors
632	5.13 Fatigue Penalty Factors for Fatigue Analysis
633	5.15 Figures 5.1 Stress Categories and Limits of Equivalent Stress
634	5.2 Example of Girth Weld Used to Tie Layers for Solid Wall Equivalence 5.3 Example of Circumferential Butt Weld Attachment Between Layered Sections in Zone of Discontinuity
635	5.4 An Example of Circle Weld Used to Tie Layers for Solid Wall Equivalence
636	Annex 5-A Linearization of Stress Results for Stress Classification
640	5-A.1 Structural Stress Definitions for Continuum Finite Elements
641	5-A.2 Structural Stress Definitions for Shell or Plate Finite Elements
642	5-A.1 Stress Classification Line (SCL) and Stress Classification Plane (SCP
643	5-A.2 Stress Classification Lines (SCLs
644	5-A.3 Stress Classification Line Orientation and Validity Guidelines
645	5-A.4 Computation of Membrane and Bending Equivalent Stresses by the Stress Integration Method Using the Results from a Finite Element Model With Continuum Elements
646	5-A.5 Continuum Finite Element Model Stress Classification Line for the Structural Stress Method
647	5-A.6 Computation of Membrane and Bending Equivalent Stresses by the Structural Stress Method Using Nodal Force Results from a Finite Element Model With Continuum Elements
648	5-A.7 Processing Nodal Force Results With the Structural Stress Method Using the Results from a Finite Element Model With Three Dimensional Second Order Continuum Elements
649	5-A.8 Processing Structural Stress Method Results for a Symmetric Structural Stress Range
650	5-A.9 Computation of Membrane and Bending Equivalent Stresses by the Structural Stress Method Using the Results from a Finite Element Model With Shell Elements
651	5-A.10 Processing Nodal Force Results With the Structural Stress Method Using the Results from a Finite Element Model With Three Dimensional Second Order Shell Elements
652	5-A.11 Element Sets for Processing Finite Element Nodal Stress Results With the Structural Stress Method Based on Stress Integration
653	Annex 5-B Histogram Development and Cycle Counting for Fatigue Analysis
656	Annex 5-C Alternative Plasticity Adjustment Factors and Effective Alternating Stress for Elastic Fatigue Analysis
661	Annex 5-D Stress Indices
663	5-D.1 Stress Indices for Nozzles in Spherical Shells and Portions of Formed Heads 5-D.2 Stress Indices for Nozzles in Cylindrical Shells
664	5-D.3 Stress Indices for Laterals
665	5-D.1 Direction of Stress Components
666	5-D.2 Nozzle Nomenclature and Dimensions
667	5-D.3 Nomenclature and Loading for Laterals
668	Annex 5-E Design Methods for Perforated Plates Based on Elastic Stress Analysis
676	5-E.1 Values of E* for Perforated Tubesheets With an Equilateral Triangular Pattern 5-E.2 Values of v* for Perforated Tubesheets With an Equilateral Triangular Pattern
677	5-E.3 Values of E* for Perforated Tubesheets With a Square Pattern 5-E.4 Values of v* for Perforated Tubesheets With a Square Pattern
678	5-E.5 Effective Elastic Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, and Shear Modulus for a Perforated Plate With a Triangular Hole Pattern
679	5-E.6 Effective Elastic Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, and Shear Modulus for a Perforated Plate With a Square Hole Pattern — Pitch Direction
680	5-E.7 Effective Elastic Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, and Shear Modulus for a Perforated Plate With a Square Hole Pattern — Diagonal Direction
681	5-E.8 Orthotropic Effective Elasticity Matrix for a Perforated Plate With an Equilateral Triangular Hole Pattern
682	5-E.9 Orthotropic Effective Elasticity Matrix for a Perforated Plate With a Square Hole Pattern
683	xiii 5-E.10 Equations for Determining Stress Components Based on the Results From an Equivalent Plate Analysis for an Equilateral Rectangular Hole Pattern 5-E.11 Stress Factor Kx Coefficients —Triangular Hole Pattern
685	5-E.12 Stress Factor Ky Coefficients —Triangular Hole Pattern
686	5-E.13 Stress Factor Kxy Coefficients —Triangular Hole Pattern
688	5-E.14 Stress Factor Kxz Coefficients —Triangular Hole Pattern
689	5-E.15 Stress Factor Kyz Coefficients —Triangular Hole Pattern
690	5-E.16 Stress Factors Kx and Ky Coefficients — Rectangular Hole Pattern
691	5-E.17 Stress Factor Kxy — Square Hole Pattern
692	5-E.18 Stress Factors Kxz and Kyz — Square Hole Pattern
694	5-E.19 Boundary Conditions for the Numerical Analysis (See Figure 5-E.3
695	5-E.1 Perforated Plate Geometry Details
696	5-E.2 Perforated Plate Geometry Details
697	5-E.3 Boundary Conditions for Numerical Analysis
698	5-E.4 Stress Orientations for Perforated Plate With Triangular Pattern Holes
699	5-E.5 Stress Orientations for Perforated Plate With Square Pattern Holes
700	Annex 5-F Experimental Stress and Fatigue Analysis
705	5-F.1 Construction of the Testing Parameter Ratio Diagram
706	5-F.2 Construction of the Testing Parameter Ratio Diagram for Accelerated Tests
707	Part 6 Fabrication Requirements 6.1 General Fabrication Requirements
711	6.2 Welding Fabrication Requirements
716	6.3 Special Requirements for Tube-to-Tubesheet Welds
717	6.4 Preheating and Heat Treatment of Weldments
721	6.5 Special Requirements for Clad or Weld Overlay Linings, and Lined Parts
723	6.6 Special Requirements for Tensile Property Enhanced Q and T Ferritic Steels
727	6.7 Special Requirements for Forged Fabrication
731	6.8 Special Fabrication Requirements for Layered Vessels
733	6.9 Special Fabrication Requirements for Expansion Joints 6.10 Nomenclature
734	6.11 Tables 6.1 Equations for Calculating Forming Strains
735	6.2.A Post-Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat-Treatment Requirements for P-No. 15E Materials 6.2.B Post-Fabrication Strain Limits and Required Heat Treatment for High Alloy Materials
736	6.3 Post-Fabrication Strain Limits and Required Heat Treatment for Nonferrous Materials
737	6.4 Maximum Allowable Offset in Welded Joints 6.5 Acceptable Welding Process and Limitations
738	6.6 Maximum Reinforcement for Welded Joints 6.7 Minimum Preheat Temperatures for Welding
739	6.8 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Materials: P-No. 1, Group 1, 2, 3
740	6.9 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Materials: P-No. 3, Group 1, 2, 3
741	6.10 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Materials: P-No. 4, Group 1, 2
742	6.11 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Materials: P-No. 5A; P-No. 5B, Group 1; and P-No. 5C, Group 1
743	6.11.A Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Materials: P-No. 15E, Group 1
744	6.12 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Materials: P-No. 6, Group 1, 2, 3 6.13 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Materials: P-No. 7, Group 1, 2; and P-No. 8
745	6.14 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Materials: P-No. 9A, Group 1, and P-No. 9B, Group 1
747	6.15 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments for Materials: P-No. 10A, Group 1; P-No. 10B, Group 2; P-No. 10C, Group 1; P-No. 10E, Group 1; P-No. 10F, Group 6; P-No. 10G, Group 1; P-No. 10H, Group 1; P-No. 10I, Group 1; P-No. 10K, Group 1; and P-No. 45
750	6.16 Alternative Postweld Heat-Treatment Requirements 6.17 Postweld Heat-Treatment Requirements for Quenched and Tempered Materials in Part 3, Table 3-A.2
751	6.18 Quench and Tempered Steels Conditionally Exempt From Production Impact Tests 6.19 High Nickel Alloy Filler for Quench and Tempered Steels
752	6.20 Mandrel Radius for Guided Bend Tests for Forged Fabrication 6.21 U-Shaped Unreinforced and Reinforced Bellows Manufacturing Tolerances
753	6.12 Figures 6.1 Peaking Height at a Category a Joint
754	6.2 Weld Toe Dressing
755	6.3 Forged Bottle Construction
756	6.4 Solid-to-Layer and Layer-to-Layer Test Plates
757	6.5 Tensile Specimens for Layered Vessel Construction
758	6.6 Toroidal Bellows Manufacturing Tolerances
759	Annex 6-A Positive Material Identification Practice
766	6-A.9.2-1 Technical Data Sheet for PMI
767	Part 7 Inspection and Examination Requirements 7.1 General 7.2 Responsibilities and Duties 7.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Examination Personnel 7.4 Examination of Welded Joints
773	7.5 Examination Method and Acceptance Criteria
780	7.6 Final Examination of Vessel 7.7 Leak Testing
781	7.8 Acoustic Emission
782	7.9 Tables 7.1 Examination Groups for Pressure Vessels
783	7.2 Nondestructive Examination
787	7.3 Selection of Nondestructive Testing Method for Full Penetration Joints 7.4 Nondestructive Examination of Layered Vessels
788	7.5 NDE Techniques, Method, Characterization, Acceptance Criteria 7.6 Visual Examination Acceptance Criteria
790	7.7 Radiographic Acceptance Standards for Rounded Indications (Examples Only 7.8 Flaw Acceptance Criteria for Welds Between Thicknesses of 6 mm (1/4 in.) and < 13 mm (1/2 in
791	xiv 7.9 Flaw Acceptance Criteria for Welds With a Thickness Between 13 mm (1/2 in.) and Less Than 25 mm (1 in 7.10 Flaw Acceptance Criteria for Welds With Thickness Between 25 mm (1 in.) and Less Than or Equal to 300 mm (12 in
792	7.11 Flaw Acceptance Criteria for Welds With a Thickness Greater Than 300 mm (12 in
793	7.10 Figures 7.1 Examination of Layered Vessels
794	7.2 Examination of Layered Vessels
795	7.3 Aligned Rounded Indications 7.4 Groups of Aligned Rounded Indications
796	7.5 Charts for 3 mm (1/8 in.) to 6 mm (1/4 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive 7.6 Charts for Over 6 mm (1/4 in.) to 10 mm (3/8 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive
797	7.7 Charts for Over 10 mm (3/8 in.) to 19 mm (3/4 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive
798	7.8 Charts for Over 19 mm (3/4 in.) to 50 mm (2 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive
799	7.9 Charts for Over 50 mm (2 in.) to 100 mm (4 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive
800	ix 7.10 Charts for Over 100 mm (4 in.) Wall Thickness
801	7.11 Single Indications
802	7.12 Multiple Planar Flaws Oriented in a Plane Normal to the Pressure Retaining Surface
803	7.13 Surface and Subsurface Flaws
804	7.14 Non-Aligned Coplanar Flaws in a Plane Normal to the Pressure Retaining Surface
805	7.15 Multiple Aligned Planar Flaws
806	7.16 Dimension “a” for Partial Penetration and Fillet Welds
807	7.17 Dimensions “a” and “d” for a Partial Penetration Corner Weld
808	Annex 7-A Responsibilities and Duties for Inspection and Examination Activities
810	7-A.1 Inspection and Examination Activities and Responsibilities/Duties
813	Part 8 Pressure Testing Requirements 8.1 General Requirements
815	8.2 Hydrostatic Testing
816	8.3 Pneumatic Testing
817	8.4 Alternative Pressure Testing 8.5 Documentation 8.6 Nomenclature
818	Part 9 Pressure Vessel Overpressure Protection 9.1 General Requirements
819	9.2 Pressure Relief Valves 9.3 Non-Reclosing Pressure Relief Devices 9.4 Calculation of Rated Capacity for Different Relieving Pressures and/or Fluids 9.5 Marking and Stamping
820	9.6 Provisions for Installation of Pressure Relieving Devices 9.7 Overpressure Protection by Design
821	Annex 9-A Best Practices for the Installation and Operation of Pressure Relief Devices