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BS EN 16351:2021

BS EN 16351:2021

$215.11

Timber structures. Cross laminated timber. Requirements

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2021 100
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This document sets out provisions regarding the performance of characteristics of the following Types of cross laminated timber for use in buildings and bridges:

  1. Type 1: Straight or curved cross laminated timber comprising only timber layers but no large finger joints;

  2. Type 2: Straight cross laminated timber comprising only timber layers and large finger joints;

  3. Type 3: Straight cross laminated timber comprising timber and wood-based panel layers but no large finger joints.

This document covers cross laminated timber of all three Types of cross laminated timber:

  1. manufactured according to this document, which sets up provisions for:

    1. boundary conditions during manufacture of cross laminated timber;

    2. moisture content and temperature of timber to be bonded;

    3. production of finger joints and bonds between layers;

  2. to be used in service class 1 or 2 according to EN 1995?1?1 ;

  3. made of coniferous species and poplar listed in this document;

  4. which may be made of layers made of different species;

  5. bonded with phenolic or aminoplastic or moisture curing one-component polyurethane or emulsion polymer isocyanate adhesives of adhesive Type I according to the respective standard;

  6. made of timber laminations having a nominal width between 40 mm (including) and 300 mm (including);

  7. built up of at least three orthogonally bonded layers (at least two of them timber layers);

  8. which may have, depending on the number of layers, adjacent layers bonded parallel to the grain;

  9. made of timber layers which are made of strength graded timber according to EN 14081?1 ;

  10. made of timber layers having nominal thicknesses between 6 mm (including) and 47 mm (including);

  11. made of timber layers which may comprise edge bonds;

  12. having nominal overall thicknesses up to 500 mm.

Additional provisions of this document apply for straight cross laminated timber comprising only timber layers and comprising large finger joints (Type 2):

  1. made from cross laminated timber pieces having the same cross-section and layup;

  2. made from cross laminated timber pieces having nominal cross-sectional thicknesses from 51 mm (including) up to 345 mm (including) and nominal minimum thicknesses of the outer layers not less than 17 mm (including);

  3. made from cross laminated timber pieces solely comprising timber layers;

  4. made from plane cross laminated timber pieces;

  5. with parallel x-axes of the jointed components;

  6. with large finger joints having a finger length of at least 45 mm and fingers which are visible at the two narrow sides of the components;

  7. having large finger joints bonded with phenolic or aminoplastic or moisture curing one-component polyurethane adhesives of adhesive Type I according to the respective standard.

Additional provisions of this document apply for straight cross laminated timber comprising timber and wood-based panel layers but no large finger joints (Type 3):

  1. made of structural wood-based panels specified in this document;

  2. made of one panel per layer and;

  3. having thicknesses between 6 mm (including) and 45 mm (including).

This document applies to cross laminated timber untreated or treated against biological attack.

This document does not cover:

  1. cross laminated timber treated with fire retardants;

  2. cross laminated timber which is produced from re-used timber or wood-based panels comprising re-used timber.

It also lays down procedures for assessment and verification of constancy of performance (AVPC) of cross laminated timber.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
9 1 Scope
10 2 Normative references
12 3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
18 3.2 Symbols
3.2.1 Main symbols
19 3.2.2 Subscripts
21 4 Characteristics
4.1 Modulus of elasticity, bending strength, compressive strength, tensile strength and shear strength
4.1.1 General
23 4.1.2 Geometrical data of cross laminated timber
4.1.2.1 General
4.1.2.2 Nominal cross-sectional sizes
4.1.2.3 Grooves in laminations
24 4.1.2.4 Layer thickness
4.1.2.5 Layer orientation
4.1.2.6 Ratio of nominal lamination width to nominal lamination thickness
4.1.3 Strength, stiffness and density properties of layers
4.1.3.1 Timber layers
26 4.1.3.2 Wood-based panel layers
4.1.4 Bending strength of large finger joints
4.1.5 Rolling shear strength, compression strength perpendicular to grain and density of cross laminated timber
4.1.5.1 Rolling shear strength of cross laminated timber
27 4.1.5.2 Compression strength perpendicular to the grain
4.2 Bonding strength
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Bonding strength of glue lines between layers
28 4.2.3 Bonding strength of structural edge bonds
4.2.4 Bonding strength of large finger joints
4.3 Resistance to fire
29 4.4 Reaction to fire
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Classification without further testing
31 4.4.3 Classification based on testing
4.4.3.1 General
4.4.3.2 Determination from tests for all end-uses (except flooring) for standard mounting and fixing conditions
32 4.4.3.3 Determination from tests for flooring for standard mounting and fixing conditions
4.5 Dimensional stability
4.6 Emission of formaldehyde
33 4.7 Durability
4.7.1 Durability of bonding strength
4.7.1.1 General
4.7.1.2 Adhesives
34 4.7.2 Durability of other characteristics
4.7.2.1 General
4.7.2.2 Additional provisions for durability of other characteristics for cross laminated timber comprising wood-based panel layers
35 5 Assessment and Verification of Constancy of Performance (AVCP)
5.1 General
5.2 Type testing
5.2.1 General
36 5.2.2 Test samples, testing and compliance criteria
43 5.2.3 Test reports
5.3 Factory production control (FPC)
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Provisions
5.3.2.1 General
5.3.2.2 Product testing and evaluation
53 5.3.3 Initial inspection of factory and of FPC
5.3.4 Continuous surveillance of FPC
5.3.5 Procedure for modifications
54 Annex A (normative)Delamination test of glue lines between layers
A.1 Principle
A.2 Apparatus
A.2.1 Pressure vessel
A.2.2 Drying duct
A.2.3 Balance
A.2.4 Metal wedge and hammer
A.3 Sampling and preparation of test pieces
A.4 Procedures
A.4.1 General
55 A.4.2 Measurement and evaluation of delamination
A.4.2.1 Measurement of delamination
A.4.2.2 Glue line openings to be regarded as delaminations
A.4.2.3 Glue line openings not to be regarded as delaminations
A.4.2.4 Solid wood failure areas
56 A.4.3 Test cycle
A.5 Results
A.5.1 General
A.5.2 Total delamination
A.5.3 Maximum delamination
A.5.4 Wood failure percentage
57 A.6 Test report
58 Annex B (normative)Tests with laminations with or without finger joints
B.1 Sampling
B.1.1 General
B.1.2 For type testing
B.1.3 For factory production control
B.2 Testing
B.2.1 General
B.2.2 Additional provisions for type testing
B.2.3 Additional provisions for factory production control
59 B.3 Compliance criteria of finger joints in laminations
B.3.1 For type testing
B.3.2 For factory production control
B.4 Report of tests with finger joints in laminations
60 B.5 Tests with laminations without finger joints
61 Annex C (normative)Determination of strength, stiffness and density characteristics of cross laminated timber
C.1 General
C.1.1 Purpose of tests
C.1.2 Sampling
62 C.1.3 Testing
C.1.4 Test reports
C.1.5 Analysis of test results
C.1.6 Indication of strength, stiffness and density characteristics
65 C.2 Characteristics determined by tests with out of plane loads
C.2.1 Bending test with load perpendicular to the plane
C.2.1.1 General
66 C.2.1.2 For the determination of strength and stiffness properties of layers
67 C.2.1.3 For the determination of strength and stiffness properties of cross laminated timber
C.2.1.4 For the determination of resistances and stiffnesses of cross laminated timber
C.2.2 Rolling shear strength and stiffness of cross laminated timber derived from shear test
68 C.2.3 Rolling shear strength and stiffness of cross laminated timber derived from bending tests (alternative test)
70 C.2.4 Compression perpendicular to the plane
71 C.2.5 Large finger joint – Bending test
72 C.3 Characteristics determined by tests with in-plane loads
C.3.1 Bending
C.3.1.1 General
73 C.3.1.2 For the determination of strength properties of laminations
C.3.1.3 For the determination of strength and stiffness properties of cross laminated timber
C.3.1.4 For the determination of resistances and stiffnesses of cross laminated timber
C.3.2 Shear values within a layer ā€“ net cross-section and shear strength values for glue lines between layers ā€“ torsional shear
76 C.3.3 Shear strength values for glue lines between layers ā€“ torsional shear (alternative method)
77 C.3.4 Large finger joint – Bending test
78 Annex D (normative)Measurement of moisture content
D.1 Accuracy of moisture meter
D.1.1 General
D.1.2 Measurement of moisture content of boards during production
D.2 Mean moisture content of cross laminated timber with large finger joints
79 Annex E (normative)Adhesive application for finger joints in laminations
E.1 Test of the adhesive application for contact application
E.2 Test of the adhesive distribution for contact-free application
E.3 Visual monitoring of the application of adhesive ribbons (or ribbons of adhesive components) on finger joint tips
80 Annex F (normative)Minimum production provisions
F.1 Personnel
F.2 Production and storage facilities
F.2.1 General
F.2.2 Facilities for drying and storage of timber
F.2.3 Facilities for processing and storage of adhesives
F.2.4 Facilities for production and curing
F.3 Equipment
81 F.4 Finger joints in laminations
F.4.1 Wane and edge damages
82 F.4.2 Finger joint geometry
F.4.3 Knots and local grain deviation
83 F.4.4 Moisture content at bonding
F.4.5 Adhesive application
F.4.5.1 General
F.4.5.2 Application methods
84 F.4.5.3 Contact application
85 F.4.5.4 Contact-free application
F.4.6 Time between cutting and adhesive application
F.4.7 Pressure
F.4.8 Glue line thickness
F.4.9 Curing
86 F.5 Grooving of laminations
F.6 Gaps between laminations
F.7 Bonding of layers and structural edge bonds
F.7.1 General
F.7.2 Moisture content at bonding
87 F.7.3 Bonding surfaces and adhesive application
F.7.4 Cramping
F.7.5 Glue line thickness
F.7.6 Curing
F.7.7 Layup
90 F.8 Cross laminated timber with large finger joints
F.8.1 Cross laminated timber to be jointed
F.8.2 Moisture content at bonding
91 F.8.3 Finger joint geometry
F.8.4 Machining of the fingers
F.8.5 Adhesive, bonding surface and adhesive application
F.8.6 Cramping
F.8.7 Glue line thickness
92 F.8.8 Curing
F.9 Corrected sizes and moisture deformation factor
F.10 Documentation
94 Annex G (normative)Shear tests
G.1 Principle
G.2 Apparatus
G.2.1 Testing machine
G.2.2 Shearing tool
G.3 Test pieces
G.3.1 General
95 G.3.2 Test pieces for structural edge bonds in timber layers
G.3.3 Sampling of test pieces
G.3.4 Marking of test pieces
G.4 Procedure
G.5 Results
96 G.6 Test report
97 Annex H (normative)Additional test methods and requirements for adhesives of subclass FJ for use in structural edge bonds
H.1 General
H.2 Specimens
H.3 Procedure
H.4 Results and test report
H.5 Compliance criteriae

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BS EN 16351:2021
$215.11