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BSI PD IEC/TR 60825-14:2022

BSI PD IEC/TR 60825-14:2022

$215.11

Safety of laser products – A user’s guide

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2022 112
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PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
4 CONTENTS
9 FOREWORD
11 INTRODUCTION
12 1 Scope
2 Normative references
13 3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.2 Symbols
15 4 Administrative policies
4.1 Safety responsibilities
4.2 Competent Person
4.3 Laser Safety Officer
16 4.4 Information and training
17 4.5 Levels of competence
4.5.1 Laser Protection Adviser
4.5.2 Laser Safety Officer
19 4.5.3 Laser Safety Supervisor
4.5.4 Laser user
4.5.5 Awareness for other persons
20 4.6 Training requirements
4.7 Accreditation
21 5 Laser radiation hazards
5.1 Laser products
5.1.1 Laser product classification
5.1.2 Product classes
24 5.1.3 Embedded lasers
Tables
Table 1 – Default protective control measures for laser products
25 5.1.4 Optical fibres
5.1.5 Laser demonstrations and displays
26 5.1.6 Consumer laser products
5.2 Exposure to laser radiation
5.2.1 Maximum permissible exposure
5.2.2 Transient visual effects
27 5.3 Determining the level of laser exposure
5.3.1 The effective exposure
28 5.3.2 Limiting apertures
Table 2 – The diameter of the limiting aperture applicable to measurements of irradiance and radiant exposure (t is time of the relevant exposure, either pulse duration or total exposure)
29 5.3.3 Angle of acceptance for the assessment of exposure from extended sources
30 Figures
Figure 1 – Measurement set-ups to achieve a well-defined angle of acceptance
31 5.3.4 Use of binoculars
6 Determining the maximum permissible exposure (MPE)
6.1 General remarks
Table 3 – Typical transmission percentages for binoculars
33 Table 4 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) at the cornea for small sources expressed as irradiance or radiant exposure a,b
34 Table 5 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) at the cornea for extended sources in the wavelength range from 400 nm to 1 400 nm (retinal hazard region) expressed as irradiance or radiant exposure
35 Table 6 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of Table 4 (C6 = 1) for the wavelength range from 400 nm to 1 400 nm expressed as power or energy a,b
36 Table 7 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of Table 5 (extended sources) for the wavelength range from 400 nm to 1 400 nm expressed as power or energy a,b
37 Table 8 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of the skin to laser radiation a,b
Table 9 – Correction factors and breakpoints for use in MPE evaluations
38 6.2 Repetitively pulsed or modulated lasers
40 6.3 Multiple wavelengths
6.4 Extended source MPEs
Table 10 – Duration Ti below which pulse groups are summed up
Table 11 – Additivity of effects on eye (O) and skin (S) of radiation of different spectral regions
41 6.5 Hazard distance and hazard area
6.5.1 Nominal ocular hazard distance
6.5.2 Nominal ocular hazard area
42 7 Associated hazards
7.1 Additional health hazards
7.2 Hazards arising from the laser
7.2.1 Electricity
7.2.2 Collateral radiation
43 7.2.3 Other laser radiation
7.2.4 Hazardous substances
7.2.5 Fume
7.2.6 Noise
7.2.7 Mechanical hazards
7.2.8 Fire, explosion and thermal damage
44 7.2.9 Heat and cold
7.3 Hazards arising from the environment
7.3.1 Temperature and humidity
7.3.2 Mechanical shock and vibration
7.3.3 Atmospheric effects
7.3.4 Electromagnetic and radio-frequency interference
7.3.5 Power supply interruption or fluctuation
7.3.6 Computer software problems
7.3.7 Ergonomic and human-factor considerations
45 7.4 Control of associated hazards
8 Evaluating risk
8.1 Hazards and risks
46 8.2 Risk assessment: Stage 1 – Identifying potentially injurious situations
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 The hazards involved
8.2.3 The laser environment
8.2.4 The people at risk
47 8.3 Risk assessment: Stage 2 – Assessing risk for potentially injurious situations
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Frequency
8.3.3 Severity
8.3.4 Resultant risk
48 8.4 Risk assessment: Stage 3 – Selecting control measures
9 Control measures
9.1 General
49 9.2 Hazard reduction
50 9.3 Enclosing the hazard
9.3.1 Beam enclosures
9.3.2 Viewing windows
9.3.3 Interlock protection
51 9.4 Hazard mitigation
9.4.1 Preventing access
52 9.4.2 Laser controlled areas
53 Table 12 – Laser controlled areas
56 Figure 2 – Combination of safety signs
Figure 3 – Warning; Laser beam symbol (ISO 7010-W004:2011-05),
57 Figure 4 – Wear eye protection symbol (ISO 7010-M004:2011-05)
58 9.4.3 Local rules and procedures
Figure 5 – No thoroughfare symbol (ISO 7010-P004:2011-05)
59 9.4.4 Localized risk reduction
60 9.4.5 Personal protection
63 9.4.6 Protective clothing
9.5 Equipment servicing
9.5.1 Increased risks during laser equipment servicing
9.5.2 Temporary laser controlled areas
64 9.5.3 Controls during servicing
9.5.4 Visiting installation and service engineers
10 Maintenance of safe operation
65 11 Contingency plans
11.1 General
11.2 Dealing with an actual eye injury
11.3 Dealing with an actual skin injury
66 11.4 Dealing with a suspected eye injury
12 Incident reporting and accident investigation
13 Medical surveillance
67 Annex A (informative)Examples of interlock systems for laser controlled areas
A.1 General
A.2 Common elements
A.2.1 Interlock control system
A.2.2 Door interlock switches
A.2.3 Override switches
68 A.2.4 Shutter
A.2.5 Illuminated warning sign
A.2.6 Emergency stop switch
A.2.7 Electric locks (door strikes)
A.2.8 Non-locking interlock systems (see Figure A.1)
A.2.9 Locking interlock systems (see Figure A.2)
69 Figure A.1 – Non-locking interlock system
70 Figure A.2 – Locking interlock system
71 Annex B (informative)Examples of calculations
B.1 General
B.2 Symbols used in the examples of Annex B
B.3 Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) – Overview
72 B.4 Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) – Single small source
B.4.1 General
B.4.2 Example for a helium-cadmium laser
B.4.3 Example for a pulsed ruby laser
B.4.4 Example for a single pulse of a gallium-arsenide laser
73 B.4.5 Example for a continuous wave helium-neon laser
B.5 Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) – Repetitively pulsed systems
B.5.1 General
B.5.2 Example for a pulsed argon laser
75 B.5.3 Example for a pulsed Nd:YAG laser
76 B.6 Nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD)
B.6.1 General
77 Figure B.1 – Nominal ocular hazard distance
80 Figure B.2 – Chart for determining the NOHD (with various atmospheric attenuation factors from the NOHD found without considering atmospheric attenuation)
81 B.6.2 Example NOHD for a Gaussian beam with negligible atmospheric attenuation
82 B.6.3 Example of NOHD with beam expanding optics
B.6.4 Example of NOHD with atmospheric attenuation
83 B.6.5 Example of NOHD for a helium-neon laser with an expanding beam
84 B.6.6 Example for an infrared surveying instrument
85 B.6.7 Example for a Q-switched rangefinder
87 B.6.8 Example for a CW optical fibre transmitter
89 B.7 Diffuse reflections that are extended sources
B.7.1 General
90 B.7.2 Example for a reflection from a perfect diffuser
91 B.7.3 Example for close viewing of reflection from a perfect diffuser
92 B.7.4 Example for assessing the minimum safe viewing distance
B.8 Eye protection
B.8.1 General
93 B.8.2 Example protective eyewear for example B.6.7
B.8.3 Example protective eyewear for example B.6.2
94 B.9 Example for a complex laser diode array source
B.9.1 General
Figure B.3 – Laser diode array with three groupings
96 B.9.2 Single diode
97 B.9.3 Horizontal two-diode group
B.9.4 Vertical two-diode group
B.9.5 Four-diode group
98 B.9.6 One row of 10 diodes
99 B.9.7 20-diode group
B.9.8 Additional remarks
100 B.9.9 Required optical density
B.9.10 Use of an optical device
102 Annex C (informative)Biophysical considerations
C.1 Anatomy of the eye
Figure C.1 – Anatomy of the eye
103 C.2 The effects of laser radiation on biological tissue
C.2.1 General
104 Figure C.2 – Diagram of laser-induced damage in biological systems
105 C.2.2 Hazards to the eye
106 Table C.1 – Summary of pathological effects from excessive exposure to light
108 C.2.3 Skin hazards
109 C.3 MPEs and irradiance averaging
Table C.2 – Explanation of measurement apertures applied to the MPEs
110 Bibliography

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BSI PD IEC/TR 60825-14:2022
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