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BSI PD IEC TS 63042-202:2021

BSI PD IEC TS 63042-202:2021

$215.11

UHV AC transmission systems – UHV AC Transmission line design

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2021 114
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This part of IEC 63042 provides common rules for the design of overhead transmission lines with the highest voltages of AC transmission systems exceeding 800 kV, so as to provide safety and proper functioning for the intended use.

This technical specification aims to give the main principles for the design of UHV AC overhead transmission lines, mainly including selection of clearance, insulation coordination and insulator strings design, bundle-conductor selection, earth wire/optical ground wires selection, tower and foundation design, environmental consideration. The design criteria apply to new construction, reconstruction and expansion of UHV AC overhead transmission line.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
4 CONTENTS
12 FOREWORD
14 1 Scope
2 Normative references
15 3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviations
16 5 UHV AC transmission line requirements
5.1 General requirements
5.2 Reliability requirements
5.3 Electrical requirements
5.4 Security requirements
5.5 Safety requirements
5.6 Environmental impact
5.7 Economy
17 6 Selection of clearance
6.1 General
6.2 Air gap, tower clearances (strike distance)
6.2.1 Power frequency voltage
6.2.2 Switching overvoltage
6.2.3 Lightning overvoltage
18 6.3 Phase to phase spacing (Horizontal, Vertical)
6.4 Ground clearances – Statutory requirements, electric and magnetic field limits
6.5 Conductor-earth wire spacing, shielding angle – Lightning performance criteria
19 7 Insulation coordination, insulator and insulator string design
7.1 General
7.2 Insulation requirements – electrical design considerations
7.3 Insulating materials, type of insulators
20 7.4 Insulator string configurations for disc type insulators
21 7.5 Mechanical design criteria of insulator strings and associated hardware fittings
8 Bundle-conductor selection
8.1 General
8.2 Conductor types
22 8.3 Bundle conductor configurations
8.3.1 Number of sub-conductors
8.3.2 Bundle spacing
8.4 Conductor bundle selection process
8.4.1 Cross-section of conductor
8.4.2 Conductor ampacity
23 8.4.3 Requirements for electromagnetic environment
8.4.4 Capital cost and loss evaluation
8.5 Mechanical strength
24 8.6 Conductor accessories
8.6.1 General requirements for fittings
8.6.2 Type and design features of link fittings, vibration dampers, spacers
25 9 Earth wire/OPGW selection
9.1 General
9.2 Type of earth wire/OPGW
9.3 Design Criteria/Requirements Specific to UHV Lines
9.4 Induced voltages on earth wire
26 10 Tower and foundation design
10.1 General
10.2 Tower classification
10.2.1 General
10.2.2 Conductor configuration
27 Figures
Figure 1 – Typical single circuit vertical configuration tower
Figure 2 – Typical double circuit vertical configuration tower
28 Figure 3 – Typical single circuit horizontal configuration tower
Figure 4 – Typical single circuit delta configuration tower
29 Figure 5 – Typical single circuit H-type tower
Figure 6 – Typical double circuit danube configuration tower
30 Figure 7 – 1 200 kV single circuit vertical configuration tower
Figure 8 – 1 200 kV single circuit horizontal configuration tower
Figure 9 – 1 200 kV double circuit vertical Configuration tower
31 10.2.3 Constructional features
10.2.4 Line deviation angle
Figure 10 – 1 200 kV single circuit H-type tower (for gantry)
32 10.2.5 Tower extensions
10.2.6 Specific requirements
10.3 Tower design
10.3.1 General
10.3.2 Selection of tower geometry based on electrical clearances
33 10.3.3 Calculation of loads on tower
10.3.4 Analysis using software
34 10.3.5 Full scale tower testing
10.3.6 Tower design methodology
35 10.4 Foundation design
10.4.1 General
Figure 11 – Tower design methodology
36 10.4.2 Open cast type foundations
10.4.3 Raft type foundations
37 10.4.4 Deep foundations (Pile/Well/Pier/Steel Anchor type)
11 Environmental considerations
11.1 General
11.2 Electric field
11.2.1 General
11.2.2 Reference level of electric field
38 11.2.3 Prediction of electric field
11.2.4 Mitigation measures of electric field
11.3 Magnetic field
11.3.1 General
11.3.2 Reference level of magnetic field
11.3.3 Prediction of magnetic field
39 11.3.4 Mitigation measures of magnetic field
11.4 Corona noise (audible noise with corona discharge)
11.4.1 General
11.4.2 Characteristics of corona noise
11.4.3 Reference level of corona noise
40 11.4.4 Prediction of corona noise
11.4.5 Mitigation measures of corona noise
11.5 Radio interference with corona discharge
11.5.1 General
11.5.2 Characteristics of radio interference
41 11.5.3 Reference level of radio interference
11.5.4 Prediction of radio interference
11.5.5 Mitigation measures of radio interference
11.6 Wind noise
42 Annex A (informative)Experimental results and considerations on environmental performance of UHV AC transmission lines in different countries
A.1 General
A.2 Experimental results and considerations on environmental performance of UHV AC transmission lines in China
A.2.1 Radio interference
A.2.2 Audible noise
Tables
Table A.1 – Design limits for radio interference in China
Table A.2 – Criteria for environmental noises in the five categoriesof areas in cities (dB (A))
43 A.2.3 Electric field
A.3 Experimental results and considerations on environmental performance of UHV AC transmission lines in India
A.3.1 Electrical Clearances from buildings, structures, etc.
A.3.2 Electric field
A.3.3 Radio interference
A.3.4 Audible noise
44 A.4 Experimental results and considerations on environmental performance of UHV AC transmission lines in Japan
A.4.1 General
A.4.2 AN (audible noise)
45 A.4.3 RI (Radio Interference)
A.4.4 EMF (Electromagnetic field)
46 Figure A.1 – Results of sensing tests under transmission lines
Table A.3 – Reference level of electric field and ground height of conductor
47 A.4.5 Electromagnetic induction interference, Electrostatic induction interference
A.4.6 Wind noise from conductor
48 A.4.7 Ice and snow falling from conductor
Figure A.2 – Symbols related to wind noise prediction formula
49 A.4.8 Landscape impact
50 A.4.9 Nature conservation
52 Annex B (informative)Design practice of UHV AC transmission lines in different countries
B.1 General
B.2 Design practice in China
B.2.1 General
B.2.2 Conductor and earth wire
Table B.1 – Conductor type selection
53 Table B.2 – Conductor characteristics
54 B.2.3 Electrical clearances
Table B.3 – Coefficient ki
55 B.2.4 Insulation coordination
Figure B.1 – Composite insulator profiles
56 Table B.4 – Recommended configuration of tension insulatorstring in light and medium ice zone
Table B.5 – Recommended configuration of tension insulatorstring in substation outlet span
57 Figure B.2 – 1 200 kV insulator profile
Table B.6 – Recommended value of single circuit line air gap
Table B.7 – Recommended value of double circuit line air gap
58 B.2.5 Tower and foundation
60 B.3 Design practice in India
B.3.1 General
B.3.2 Challenges in development and solutions
B.3.3 Conductor selection
61 Table B.8 – Conductor capacity
Table B.9 – Conductor surface gradient
Table B.10 – Conductor radio interference
Table B.11 – Conductor audible noise
62 B.3.4 Electrical clearances
Figure B.3 – 1 200 kV air-gap experimental tests
Table B.12 – Conductor electric field
63 B.3.5 Insulation requirements
Table B.13 – Salient results of the experimental tests
64 B.3.6 1 200 kV test line
Figure B.4 – 1 200 kV single circuit test line
65 B.3.7 400 kV double circuit (upgradable to 1 200 kV single circuit) line
Figure B.5 – 1 200 kV double circuit test line
Table B.14 – Salient features of the 1 200 kV test lines
66 Figure B.6 – 1 200 kV upgradable line –Suspension tower
Figure B.7 – 1 200 kV upgradable line –Tension tower
67 B.4 Design practice in Japan
B.4.1 General
Figure B.8 – 1 200 kV Tower Prototype Testing
Table B.15 – Salient features of 1 200 kV upgraded transmission line
68 B.4.2 Conductor and earth wire
Figure B.9 – UHV AC transmission lines in Japan
Table B.16 – UHV AC transmission lines in Japan
Table B.17 – Conductor configuration and AN
69 B.4.3 Insulation coordination
Figure B.10 – Shape of conductor
Figure B.11 – Shape of OPGW
70 Table B.18 – Specifications of insulator
Table B.19 – Withstand voltage of single insulator in pollution [kV/unit]
Table B.20 – Withstand voltage of single insulator under snow [kV/unit]
71 Table B.21 – Altitude correction factor K1
72 B.4.4 Wind noise
73 B.4.5 Tower and foundation
74 Table B.22 – Loads for tower design
75 Figure B.12 – Foundation type
76 Annex C (informative)Construction practice of UHV AC transmission lines in different countries
C.1 General
C.2 Construction practice in China
Figure C.1 – Machinery for foundation construction
77 C.3 Construction practice in India
C.4 Construction practice in Japan
79 Annex D (informative)Flashover voltage test result for air clearances in different countries
D.1 General
D.2 Flashover voltage test result for air clearances in China
D.2.1 50 % Power frequency flashover voltage test results for air clearances of transmission line structures
Figure D.1 – The arrangement of power frequency flashover voltage testfor side-phase air clearances of 1 000 kV cat-head type towers
Figure D.2 – The 50 % power frequency flashover voltage characteristic for air clearance from side-phase conductor to tower body for 1 000 kV cat-head type towers
80 Figure D.3 – The arrangement of power frequency flashover voltage testfor side-phase air clearances of 1 000 kV cup type towers
Figure D.4 – The 50 % power frequency flashover voltage characteristicfor air clearance from side-phase conductor to tower body for 1 000 kV cuptype towers 1 000 kV cup type towers
81 Figure D.5 – The arrangement of power frequency flashover voltage testfor air clearances of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
Figure D.6 – The 50 % power frequency flashover voltage characteristicfor air clearance from middle-phase conductor with I-type stringto tower body for 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
82 D.2.2 50 % Switching impulse flashover voltage test results for air clearances of transmission line structures
Figure D.7 – The arrangement of the power frequency flashover voltage test for air clearances of bottom-phase with I-type string of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
Figure D.8 – The power frequency flashover voltage characteristicof air clearance from bottom-phase conductor (with I-type string)to tower body of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
83 Figure D.9 – The arrangement of switching impulse flashover voltage testfor side-phase air clearances of 1 000 kV cat-head type towers
Figure D.10 – The 50 % switching impulse flashover voltage characteristicfor air clearances from conductor to tower body of 1 000 kV lines(with a time to peak of 250 µs)
Table D.1 – Switching impulse flashover voltages of side-phase air clearancesof 1 000 kV cat-head type towers with different test time to peak
84 Figure D.11 – The arrangement of switching impulse flashover voltage testfor middle-phase air clearances of 1 000 kV cat-head type towers
Figure D.12 – The arrangement of switching impulse flashover voltage test for side-phase air clearances of 1 000 kV cup type towers
Table D.2 – The switching impulse flashover voltage of air clearancesfrom middle-phase conductor to tower for 1 000 kV full-scale towers
85 Figure D.13 – The 50 % switching impulse flashover voltage characteristicfor air clearances from conductor to tower body of 1 000 kV lines(with a time to peak of 250 µs)
Figure D.14 – The arrangement of switching impulse flashover voltage test for middle-phase air clearances of 1 000 kV cup type towers
Table D.3 – The switching impulse flashover voltage for air clearancefrom the middle-phase conductor to tower window in the arrangementshown in Figure D.14 a) and Figure D.14 b)
86 Figure D.15 – The arrangement of switching impulse flashover voltagetest at long time to peak for middle-phase air clearances (with I-type string)of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
Figure D.16 – The 50 % switching impulse (1 000 μs) flashover voltage characteristicfor air clearances from conductor to bottom crossarm of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines(a distance of 9,0 m between conductor and middle crossarm)
87 Figure D.17 – The arrangement of switching impulse flashover voltage testfor air clearances from middle-phase conductor (with V-type string)to bottom crossarm of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
Figure D.18 – The 50 % switching impulse (1 000 μs) flashover voltage characteristic of air clearances from conductor to bottom crossarm of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
88 Figure D.19 – The arrangement of switching impulse flashover testfor air clearances from middle-phase conductor (with V-type string)to tower body of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
Figure D.20 – The 50 % switching impulse (1 000 μs) flashover voltage characteristic for air clearances from conductor to tower body of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
89 Figure D.21 – The arrangement of switching impulse flashover voltage testfor air clearances from middle-phase conductor (with V-type string)to middle crossarm of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
Figure D.22 – The 50 % switching impulse (1 000 μs) flashover voltage characteristic for air clearances from conductor to middle crossarm of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
90 Figure D.23 – The arrangement of switching impulse flashover voltage testfor air clearances from bottom-phase conductor (with V-type string)to crossarm of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
Figure D.24 – The 50 % switching impulse (1 000 μs) flashover voltage characteristic for air clearances from conductor to crossarm of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
91 D.2.3 50 % Lightning impulse flashover voltage test results for air clearances of transmission line structures
Figure D.25 – The arrangement of switching impulse flashover voltage testfor air clearances from bottom-phase conductor (with V-type string)to tower body of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
Figure D.26 – The 50 % switching impulse (1 000 μs) flashover voltage characteristic for air clearances from conductor to tower body of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
92 Figure D.27 – The 50 % lightning impulse flashover voltage characteristic for air clearances from side-phase conductor to tower body of 1 000 kV single-circuit lines
Figure D.28 – The arrangement of lightning impulse flashover voltage testfor air clearances from middle-phase conductor (with I-type string)to bottom crossarm of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
93 Figure D.29 – The 50 % lightning impulse flashover voltage characteristic for air clearances from conductor to lower crossarm of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
Figure D.30 – The arrangement of lightning impulse flashover voltage testfor air clearances from middle-phase conductor (with V-type string)to bottom crossarm of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
94 D.2.4 Effects of switching overvoltage time to peak on flashover voltage
Figure D.31 – The 50 % positive and negative lightning impulseflashover voltage characteristic for air clearances from conductorto lower crossarm of 1 000 kV double-circuit lines
Figure D.32 – Curve of the 50 % switching impulse flashover voltage as a function of the time to peak for the air clearance from conductor to tower leg of 5 m
95 D.2.5 Tower width correction approaches for air clearances of transmission line structures
96 Figure D.33 – Tower-width voltage correction factor
Figure D.34 – Tower-width spacing correction factor
97 D.4 Flashover voltage test result for air clearances in Japan
D.4.1 50 % Power frequency flashover voltage test results of transmission line　structures
D.3 Flashover voltage test result for air clearances in India
Figure D.35 – Effects of tower leg width on switching impulse flashover voltage(with a time to peak of 720 μs)
98 D.4.2 50 % Switching impulse flashover voltage test results for air clearances of transmission line structures
Figure D.36 – The 50 % power frequency flashover voltage characteristicfor air clearance for 1 000 kV
Table D.4 – Altitude correction factor K1
Table D.5 – Gap coefficient k
99 Figure D.37 – The arrangement of switching impulse flashover voltage testfor air clearances of 1 000 kV tension type towers
Table D.6 – Altitude correction factor K1
100 Figure D.38 – The 50 % switching impulse flashover voltage characteristicfor air clearances of 1 000 kV tension type towers
Figure D.39 – The arrangement of switching impulse flashover voltage testfor air clearances of 1 000 kV suspension I type towers
101 Figure D.40 – The 50 % switching impulse flashover voltage characteristic for air clearances from conductor to tower body of 1 000 kV suspension I type towers
Figure D.41 – The arrangement of switching impulse flashover voltage testfor air clearances of 1 000 kV suspension V type towers
102 D.4.3 50 % lightning impulse flashover voltage test results for air clearances of transmission line structures
Figure D.42 – The 50 % switching impulse flashover voltage characteristicfor air clearances of 1 000 kV suspension V type towers
Table D.7 – Gap coefficient k
103 Figure D.43 – The 50 % Lightning impulse flashover voltage characteristicfor air clearance for 1 000 kV
104 Annex E (informative)Restrictions on electromagnetic environment ofUHV AC transmission lines in different countries
E.1 General
E.2 Restrictions in China
E.3 Restrictions in India
Table E.1 – Radio interference
Table E.2 – Audible noise
105 E.4 Restrictions in Japan
E.4.1 General
E.4.2 RI (Radio Interference)
E.4.3 AN (Audible Noise)
E.4.4 Electric field
Table E.3 – Electric field
Table E.4 – Specific limits for noise of environmental regulation [dB(A)]
106 E.4.5 Magnetic field
E.4.6 Communication failure due to electromagnetic induction or electrostatic induction
E.4.7 Overvoltage due to electromagnetic induction
107 Annex F (informative)Anti-vibration measures for conductorsand earth wires in different countries
F.1 General
F.2 Anti-vibration measures in China
Figure F.1 – Resonance frequency type vibration damper
108 F.3 Anti-vibration measures in India
F.4 Anti-vibration measures in Japan
F.4.1 Conductor
F.4.2 Earth wire
Table F.1 – Upper limit of everyday tension and anti-vibration measures for galvanized steel strand or aluminium clad steel strand
109 Figure F.2 – Shape of distributed damper
110 Annex G (informative)Earth wire regulations in different countries
G.1 General
G.2 Earth wires regulations in China
G.3 Earth wires regulations in India
G.4 Earth wires regulations in Japan
112 Bibliography

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BSI PD IEC TS 63042-202:2021
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