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FEMA 454 2006

FEMA 454 2006

$41.60

FEMA 454 – Designing for Earthquakes: A Manual for Architects

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FEMA 2006 394
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PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 FEMA454: DESIGNING FOR EARTHQUAKES
3 Title Page
5 Front Matter
FOREWORD AND ACKOWLEDGMENTS
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
9 TABLE OF CONTENTS
25 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
28 1.2 The Architect’s Role in Seismic Design
29 1.3 The Contents of This Publication
32 1.4 The Bottom Line
33 CHAPTER 2: NATURE OF EARTHQUAKES AND SEISMIC HAZARDS
2.1 Introduction
35 2.2 Observations of Earthquakes
2.2.1 Plate Tectonics and Seismicity
38 2.2.2 Earthquake Fault Types
42 2.2.3 Earthquake Effects
Ground Shaking Intensity
44 Landslides
45 Tsunamis and Seiches
46 Liquefaction
47 2.3 Seismic Waves And Strong Motion
2.3.1 Seismic Instrumental Recordings and Systems
49 2.3.2 Types of Earthquake Waves
54 2.4. Seismic Sources And Strong Motion
55 2.4.1 Earthquake Magnitude
57 2.4.2 Elastic Rebound and its Relationship to Earthquake Strong Ground Motion
59 2.4.3 Source Directivity and its Effect on Strong Ground Motions
60 2.5 Strong Ground Motion
61 2.5.1 Duration of Strong Shaking
2.5.2 Estimating Time Histories
64 2.6. Seismic Hazard
2.6.1 Empirical Attenuation Curves
67 2.6.2 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and Building Codes
Identification of the seismic source or faults.
68 Characterization of annual rates of seismic events.
Development of attenuation relationships
Combining factors
75 2.7 Conclusions
76 2.8 Acknowledgments
77 2.9 Cited and Other Recommended References
78 2.10 Web Resources
79 CHAPTER 3: SITE EVALUATION AND SELECTION
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Selecting and Assessing Building Sites in Earthquake Country
80 3.2.1 Performance Criteria, Site Selection, and Evaluation
81 3.2.2 Building Program and Site Evaluation
3.3 The Inportance of the Right Team—Geotechnical Engineering Expertise
82 3.3.1 The Site Assessment Process
3.3.2 Geotechnical Report Content
83 3.3.3 Additional Investigations to Determine Landslide and Liquefaction
3.3.4 Information Sources for the Site Assessment Process
84 3.4 Local Government Hazard Assessments—DMA 2000
3.5 Tools for Getting Started
85 3.5.1 Understanding Regional Earthquake Risk-Big Picture of Expected Ground Motions
USGS 2002 Ground Motion Maps
State Survey Risk Maps
87 HAZUS Earthquake Loss Estimates
89 3.6 Earthquake Hazards to Avoid
3.6.1 Earthquake Fault Zones
90 Mitigating Fault Zone Hazards
94 Liquefaction Hazard Zones
95 Mitigation Options for Liquefiable Sites
96 Location of the Structure
Intervention on the Site
97 Special Design Considerations
3.6.3 Areas of Intensified Ground Motions
100 3.6.4 Ground Failure, Debris Flows, and Land Slides
Landslide Hazard Maps
102 Mitigation Options
103 3.7 Off-Site Issues That Affect Site Selection
3.7.1 Access and Egress
3.7.2 Infrastructure
104 3.7.3 Adjacency
3.8 Earthquake and Tsunami Hazards
105 Mitigating Tsunami and Coastal Surge Hazards
110 Notes
111 CHAPTER 4: EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON BUILDINGS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Inertial Forces and Acceleration
113 4.3 Duration, Velocity, and Displacement
114 4.4 Ground Amplification
115 4.5 Period and Resonance
4.5.1 Natural Periods
117 4.5.2 Ground Motion, Building Resonance, and Response Spectrum
119 4.5.3 Site Response Spectrum
122 4.6 Damping
124 4.7 Dynamic Amplification
4.8 Higher Forces and Uncalculated Resistance
125 4.9 Ductility
127 4.10 Strength, Stiffness, Force Distribution, and Stress Concentration
4.10.1 Strength and Stiffness
129 4.10.2 Force Distribution and Stress Concentration
132 4.11 Torsional Forces
133 4.12 Nonstructural Components
135 4.13 Construction Quality
136 4.14 Conclusion
137 4.15 References
4.16 To FInd Out More
139 CHAPTER 5: SEISMIC ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Basic Seismic Structural Systems
140 5.2.1 The Vertical Lateral Resistance Systems
142 5.2.2 Diaphragms— The Horizontal Resistance System
144 5.2.3 Optimizing the Structural/Architectural Configuration
147 5.3 The Effects of Configuration Irregularity
5.3.1 Stress Concentrations
5.3.2 Torsion
148 5.4 Configuration Irregularity in the Seismic Code
149 5.5 Four Serious Configuration Conditions
152 5.5.1 Soft and Weak Stories (Code Irregularities Types V1 and V5)
156 5.5.2 Discontinuous Shear Walls (Code Type Irregularity V5)
158 5.5.3 Variations in Perimeter Strength and Stiffness (Code Type P1)
162 5.5.4 Re-entrant Corners (Code Type Irregularitiy H5)
166 5.6 Other Architectural/Structural Issues
5.6.1 Overturning: Why Buildings Fall Down, Not Over
168 5.6.2 Perforated Shear Walls
169 5.6.3 Strong Beam, Weak Column
5.6.4 Setbacks and Planes of Weakness
170 5.7 Irregular Configurations: A Twentieth Century Problem
171 5.7.1 A New Vernacular: The International Style and its Seismic Implications
174 5.8 Designing for Problem Avoidance
5.8.1 Use of Regular Configurations
5.8.2 Designs for Irregular Configurations
175 5.9 Beyond the international Style: Towards a Seismic Architecture?
176 5.9.1 The Architect’s Search for Forms – Symbolic and Metaphorical
178 5.9.2 New Architectural Prototypes Today
183 5.9.3 Towards an Earthquake Architecture
5.9.4 Expressing the Lateral-Force Systems
188 5.9.5 The Earthquake as a Metaphor
190 5.10 Conclusion
191 5.11 References
5.12 To Find Out More
193 CHAPTER 6: THE REGULATION OF SEISMIC DESIGN
6.1 Introduction
194 6.2 Earthquakes and Code Action
6.2.1 Early 20th Century
195 6.2.2 The 1920s and the First Seismic Code
196 6.2.3 Mid-Century Codes and the Introduction of Statewide Regulations
200 6.2.4 Late 20th Century: the Move toward New Model Building Codes
205 6.2.5 Current Status of Seismic Code Development
6.3 Code Intent
6.3.1 The Purpose of Earthquake Code Provisions
206 6.3.2 Conflicts Between Intent, Expectations, and Performance
208 6.4 Perfomance Based Seismic Design
6.4.1 Prescriptive Design, Performance Design, and the Code
209 6.4.2 Definitions of Performance-Based Seismic Design
210 6.4.3 Implementing Performance-Based Seismic Design
212 6.5 Seismic Design Provisions
6.5.1 Code-Defined Parameters
214 6.5.2 Performance Levels
215 6.5.3 Performance-Based Seismic Engineering
216 6.5.4 Engineering Analysis Methods
220 6.6 Nonstructural Codes
223 6.7 Conclusion
224 6.8 References
227 CHAPTER 7: SEISMIC DESIGN — PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
7.1 Introduction
7.2 A Brief Summary of 100 Years of Structural Seismic Design
228 7.3 Historic and Current Structural-Seismic Systems
7.3.1 Early Structural Systems-Pre-1906 San Francisco Earthquake
229 7.3.2 The Early Years (1906 – 1940)
7.3.3 The Middle Years (1945 – 1960)
230 7.3.4 The Mature Years (1960 – 1985)
7.3.5 The Creative Years (1985 – 2000)
232 7.4 Background and Progression of Structural-Seismic Concepts
7.4.1 Development of Seismic Resisting Systems
233 7.4.2 Pictorial History of Seismic Systems
256 7.5 Commentary on Structural Frameworks
7.5.1 Steel Building Frameworks
258 7.5.2 Concrete Building Frameworks
260 7.6 System Characteristics
261 7.6.1 Elastic Design—Linear Systems
7.6.2 Post-Elastic Design—Nonlinear Drift
7.6.3 Cyclic Behavior
262 7.6.4 Performance-Based Seismic Design
7.6.5 Nonlinear Performance Comparisons
264 7.6.6 Energy Dissipation
265 7.7 The Search For the Perfect Seismic System
7.7.1 Structural Mechanisms
266 7.7.2 Semi-Active and Active Dampers
267 7.7.3 Cost-Effective Systems
270 7.7.4 Avoiding the Same Mistakes
271 7.7.5 Configurations Are Critical
272 7.7.6 Common-Sense Structural Design-Lessons Learned
273 Select the Appropriate Scale
Reduce Dynamic Resonance
275 Energy Dissipation
277 7.8 Conclusions
7.9 References
279 CHAPTER 8: EXISTING BUILDINGS — EVALUATION AND RETROFIT
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Contents of Chapter
8.1.2 Reference to Other Relevant Chapters
280 8.2 Background
281 8.2.1 Changes in Building Practice and Seismic Design Requirements Resulting in Buildings that are Currently Considered Seismically Inadequate
282 Changes In Expected Shaking Intensity and Changes in Zoning
Changes in Required Strength or Ductility
283 Recognition of the Importance of Nonlinear Response
287 8.2.3 Code Requirements Covering Existing Buildings
Passive Code Provisions
294 8.3.1 FEMA-Sponsored Activity for Existing Buildings
Rapid Visual Screening
295 Evaluation of Existing Buildings
Techniques Used in Seismic Retrofit
296 Financial Incentives
Development of Benefit-Cost Model
297 Typical Costs of Seismic Rehabilitation
Technical Guidelines for Seismic Rehabilitation
298 lDevelopment of a Standardized Regional Loss Estimation Methodology—HAZUS
299 Incremental Rehabilitation
8.3.2 The FEMA Model Building Types
300 8.4 Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings
310 Identification of clearly vulnerable or dangerous buildings to help establish policies of mitigation
311 Earthquake Loss Estimation
Formal Economic Loss Evaluations (e.g. Probable Maximum Loss or PML)
312 Rapid Evaluation
8.4.2 Evaluation of Individual Buildings
313 Initial Evaluation (ASCE 31 Tier 1)
315 Intermediate Evaluation (ASCE 31 Tier 2)
316 8.4.3 Other Evaluation Issues
Data Required for Seismic Evaluation
317 Performance Objectives and Acceptability
319 Reliability of Seismic Evaluations
323 8.5 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings
8.5.1 Categories of Rehabilitation Activity
324 Modification of Global Behavior
325 Modification of Local Behavior
326 Connectivity
8.5.2 Conceptual Design of a Retrofit Scheme for an Individual Building
332 8.5.3 Other Rehabilitation Issues
Inadequate recognition of disruption to occupants
333 Collateral required work
8.5.4 Examples
339 8.6 Special Issues With Historic Buildings
8.6.1 Special Seismic Considerations
8.6.2 Common Issues of Tradeoffs
340 8.6.3 Examples of Historical Buildings
346 8.7 Conclusion
8.8.1 References from Text
352 8.8.2 To Learn More
353 CHAPTER 9: NONSTRUCTURAL DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
9.1 Introduction
354 9.2 What is Meant By the Term “Nonstructural”
356 9.2.1 Architectural Components
357 9.2.2 Mechanical and Electrical Components
9.2.3 Consequences of Inadequate Nonstructural Design
358 9.3 Nonstructural Seismic Design and “Normal” Seismic Design
9.4 Effects of Improper Nonstructural Design
360 9.5 Damage to Nonstructural Systems and Components
368 9.6 Design Details for Nnstructural Damage Reduction
9.6.1 Precast Concrete Cladding Panels
369 9.6.2 Suspended Ceilings
9.6.3 Lighting Fixtures
9.6.4 Heavy (Masonry) Full-Height Non load Bearing Walls
370 9.6.5 Partial–Height Masonry Walls
9.6.6 Partial-Height Metal Stud Walls
9.6.7 Parapet Bracing
371 9.6.8 Sheet Metal Ductwork
9.6.9 Piping
372 9.6.10 Vibration-Isolated Equipment
9.6.11 Emergency Power Equipment
9.6.12 Tall Shelving
9.6.13 Gas Water Heaters
373 9.7 The Need For Systems Design
377 9.9 Nonstructural Codes
9.10 Methods of Seismic Qualification
9.10.1 Design Team Judgment
378 9.10.2 Prior Qualification
9.10.3 Mathematical Analysis and Other Qualification Methods
379 9.11 Some Myths Regarding Nonstructural Design
“My Engineers take care of all my seismic design”
“My building is base isolated … I don’t need to worry about the nonstructural components”
“Window films protect windows from breakage in an earthquake”
380 “My building in San Bernardino survived the 1994 Northridge earthquake … it is earthquake proof”
381 “Vertical motions in earthquakes do not need to be considered for nonstructural design”
9.12 What Can the Architect Do to Decrease Nonstructural Damage
382 9.13 The Complexity of Retrofitting Existing Buildings
9.14 Conclusions
383 9.15 References
385 CHAPTER 10: DESIGN FOR EXTREME HAZARDS
10.1 Introduction
386 10.2 Multihazard Design System Interactions

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FEMA 454 2006
$41.60