IEEE 115 2010

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IEEE Guide for Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines Part IAcceptance and Performance Testing Part IITest Procedures and Parameter Determination for Dynamic Analysis

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IEEE	2010	219

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Revision Standard – Active. Instructions for conducting generally applicable and accepted tests to determine the performance characteristics of synchronous machines are contained in this guide. Although the tests described are applicable in general to synchronous generators, synchronous motors (larger than fractional horsepower), synchronous condensers, and synchronous frequency changers, the descriptions make reference primarily to synchronous generators and synchronous motors.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	IEEE Std 115™-2009 Front cover
3	Title page
6	Introduction Notice to users Laws and regulations Copyrights
7	Updating of IEEE documents Errata Interpretations Patents
8	Participants
10	Contents
13	Important notice Part I—Acceptance and Performance Testing 1. Overview 1.1 Scope 1.2 Organization of the guide
14	1.3 Miscellaneous notes
15	1.4 Instrumentation
16	2. Normative references
18	3. Miscellaneous tests 3.1 Insulation resistance 3.2 Dielectric and partial discharge tests 3.2.1 General
19	3.2.2 Preparation 3.2.3 Method 1. Alternating-voltage testing at power frequency 3.2.4 Method 2. Direct-voltage testing of stator windings
20	3.2.5 Method 3. Very low frequency (VLF) testing of stator windings 3.2.6 Method 4. Partial discharge testing 3.3 Resistance measurements 3.3.1 General 3.3.2 Correction to specified temperature
21	3.3.3 Reference field resistance 3.3.4 Reference field resistance from a running test 3.3.5 Field resistance for running temperature tests
22	3.3.6 Effect of brush voltage drop 3.4 Tests for short-circuited field turns 3.4.1 General
23	3.4.2 Method 1. Voltage drop, dc 3.4.3 Method 2. Voltage drop, ac 3.4.4 Method 3. DC resistance 3.4.5 Method 4. Exciting coil for cylindrical rotors
24	3.4.6 Method 5. Rotor waveform detection for cylindrical rotors 3.5 Polarity test for field poles 3.6 Shaft current and bearing insulation 3.6.1 General 3.6.2 Method 1. Across end shafts 3.6.3 Method 2. Across bearing oil film, uninsulated bearings
25	3.6.4 Method 3. Across bearing insulation 3.6.5 Method 4. Bearing insulation—Running test 3.6.6 Method 5. Bearing insulation—Static test 3.6.7 Method 6. Double insulation
26	3.7 Phase sequence 3.7.1 General 3.7.2 Method 1. Phase-sequence indicators
27	3.7.3 Method 2. Indication of differential voltage
28	3.7.4 Method 3. Direction of rotation for machines that can be started on a power source 3.8 Telephone-influence factor (TIF) 3.8.1 General
29	3.8.2 Weighting factors 3.8.3 Voltage transformer considerations 3.9 Balanced TIF 3.9.1 General 3.9.2 Method 1. Line-to-line voltage 3.9.3 Method 2. Phase voltage
30	3.10 Residual-component TIF 3.10.1 General 3.10.2 Method 1. Machines that can be connected in delta 3.10.3 Method 2. Machines that cannot be connected in delta
31	3.10.4 Method 3. Line-to-neutral test 3.11 Line-to-neutral TIF 3.11.1 General 3.11.2 Method of test 3.11.3 Check of balanced, residual, and line-to-neutral TIF 3.12 Stator terminal voltage—waveform deviation and distortion factors 3.12.1 Procedure for testing
33	3.12.2 Waveform analysis
35	3.12.3 Fourier analysis
36	3.12.4 Measuring rms value 3.13 Overspeed tests 3.13.1 General 3.13.2 Procedure
37	3.14 Line-charging capacity 3.14.1 General 3.14.2 Method 1. As motor 3.14.3 Method 2. As generator 3.14.4 Method 3. As generator
38	3.15 Acoustic noise 3.15.1 General 3.15.2 Procedure 3.16 Vibration testing 3.16.1 General 3.16.2 Motors and small generators 3.16.3 Large synchronous cylindrical rotor generators—Shaft vibrations
39	3.16.4 Large synchronous cylindrical rotor generators—Bearing vibrations 3.16.5 Synchronous generators in hydroelectric applications
40	4. Saturation curves, segregated losses, and efficiency 4.1 General 4.1.1 Efficiency 4.1.2 Methods to measure losses
41	4.1.3 Elimination of exciter input 4.1.4 Effect of temperature and pressure 4.1.5 Coupled machines
42	4.1.6 Steam turbine overheating 4.1.7 Dewatering hydraulic turbine 4.1.8 Electric starting
43	4.2 Method 1. Separate drive 4.2.1 Driving motor
44	4.2.2 Procedure 4.2.3 Dynamometer as driver 4.2.4 Mechanical driver 4.2.5 Open-circuit saturation curve
45	4.2.6 Air-gap line
46	4.2.7 Core loss and friction and windage loss 4.2.8 Short-circuit saturation curve
47	4.2.9 Short-circuit loss and stray-load loss
48	4.2.10 Zero-power-factor saturation curve 4.3 Method 2. Electric input 4.3.1 General 4.3.2 Instrument transformers
49	4.3.3 Voltage on instruments 4.3.4 Methods to measure power input
51	4.3.5 Accuracy 4.3.6 Stray-load loss 4.3.7 Open-circuit loss
53	4.3.8 Open-circuit saturation curve 4.3.9 Short-circuit loss and stray-load loss 4.3.10 Total loss curve
54	4.3.11 Short-circuit saturation curve 4.4 Method 3. Retardation 4.4.1 General 4.4.2 Friction and windage loss 4.4.3 Open-circuit core loss
55	4.4.4 Short-circuit loss and stray-load loss 4.4.5 Effect of connected apparatus 4.4.6 Test procedures
56	4.4.7 When overspeed cannot be obtained 4.4.8 When low-voltage switchgear is omitted 4.4.9 Methods to determine deceleration
60	4.4.10 Open-circuit and short-circuit saturation curves 4.4.11 Methods to determine rotor polar moment of inertia (J)
62	4.5 Method 4. Heat transfer 4.5.1 Machines with water coolers
63	4.6 Efficiency 4.6.1 Method 1. Segregated losses
64	4.6.2 Method 2. Input-output
65	5. Load excitation 5.1 General 5.2 Test methods 5.2.1 Determining armature leakage reactance, Xl
66	5.2.2 Methods to determine Potier reactance
68	5.3 Load excitation calculation methods for specified machine terminal conditions 5.3.1 Method 1. Specified operation conditions
69	5.3.2 Method 2. Phasor diagram analysis
71	5.3.3 Method 3. Potier reactance without machine saliency
74	5.4 Excitation calculation methods used in stability computer programs
77	6. Temperature tests 6.1 General 6.2 Methods of loading 6.2.1 Method 1. Conventional loading
78	6.2.2 Method 2. Synchronous feedback
79	6.2.3 Method 3. Zero power factor
82	6.2.4 Method 4. Open-circuit and short-circuit loading
83	6.3 Duration of test 6.3.1 Continuous loading 6.3.2 Short-time ratings 6.3.3 Intermittent loads
84	6.4 Methods to measure temperature 6.4.1 General 6.4.2 Method 1. Resistance thermometer or thermocouples 6.4.3 Method 2. Embedded detector 6.4.4 Method 3. Winding resistance
85	6.4.5 Method 4. Local temperature detector 6.5 Preparation for test 6.5.1 Location of measuring devices 6.5.2 Enclosed machines
86	6.5.3 Open-ventilated machines 6.5.4 Precautions 6.6 Determination of coolant temperature 6.6.1 General 6.6.2 Machines cooled by surrounding air
87	6.6.3 Duct and pipe-ventilated machines 6.6.4 Machines with a recirculating cooling system 6.6.5 Machines cooled by other means 6.6.6 Test reference coolant temperature defined 6.6.7 Thermometer oil cups
88	6.7 Temperature readings 6.7.1 General 6.7.2 Thermometer method 6.7.3 Embedded-detector method 6.7.4 Resistance method for fields 6.7.5 Resistance method for armature
89	6.7.6 Resistance method for brushless machines 6.8 Shutdown temperatures 6.8.1 General 6.8.2 Location of measuring devices
90	6.9 Temperature rise 6.9.1 Running test 6.9.2 Shutdown
91	7. Torque tests 7.1 General 7.2 Locked-rotor current and torque 7.2.1 General
92	7.2.2 Determination of locked-rotor current 7.2.3 Method 1. Torque by scale and beam
93	7.2.4 Method 2. Torque by electric input 7.2.5 Torque at specified conditions
94	7.2.6 Determination of induced field current or voltage 7.3 Speed-torque tests 7.3.1 General 7.3.2 Method 1. Measured output
95	7.3.3 Method 2. Acceleration
96	7.3.4 Method 3. Input
97	7.3.5 Method 4. Direct measurement
98	7.3.6 Correction for voltage effects
99	7.4 Pull-out torque 7.4.1 General 7.4.2 Method 1. Direct measurement
100	7.4.3 Method 2. Calculation from machine constants
101	8. Sudden short-circuit tests 8.1 Mechanical integrity of machine 8.2 Electrical integrity of machine
102	Part II—Test Procedures and Parameter Determination for Dynamic Analysis 9. Applications of machine electrical parameters 9.1 General
103	9.2 P.U. quantities 9.2.1 Comments 9.2.2 Base power
104	9.2.3 Base voltage and current
105	9.2.4 Base impedance
107	9.2.5 Base frequency
109	10. Tests for determining parameter values for steady-state conditions 10.1 Purpose 10.2 Instrumentation 10.2.1 Types of parameters to be determined
110	10.3 Direct-axis synchronous reactance, Xd
111	10.4 Quadrature-axis synchronous reactance, Xq 10.4.1 General 10.4.2 Method 1. Slip test
113	10.4.3 Method 2. Maximum lagging current 10.4.4 Method 3. Empirical function
114	10.4.5 Method 4. Load angle 10.5 Negative-sequence quantities (steady state) 10.5.1 Determining negative-sequence reactance, X2
119	10.5.2 Determining negative-sequence resistance, R2
120	10.6 Zero-sequence quantities 10.6.1 Determining zero-sequence reactance, X0
124	10.6.2 Determining zero-sequence resistance, R0
125	10.7 Testing procedures and parameter determination for positive-sequenceresistance for a synchronous machine 10.7.1 General 10.7.2 Determination from test
126	10.8 Additional miscellaneous steady-state tests for synchronous machines 10.8.1 Determination of short-circuit ratio (SCR) 10.8.2 Determination of internal load angle, Î´
129	11. Tests for evaluating transient or subtransient characteristic values
130	11.4.1 Consultation with manufacturer 11.4.2 Calibration of test equipment (including use of current shunt or current transformers) 11.4.3 Three-phase armature connections 11.4.4 Interpretation of test data
131	11.4.5 Measurement and control of field quantities—pre-transient states 11.4.6 Measurement of steady-state quantities—post-transient states 11.5.1 Speed and field voltage control before and during tests
133	11.7.1 Parameter determination by sudden short circuit or voltage recovery
137	11.8.1 Method 1. Three-phase sudden short circuit
138	11.8.2 Method 2. Combined short circuit of armature and field
139	11.8.3 Method 3. Voltage recovery
140	11.8.4 Determining subtransient reactance parameter
141	11.9.1 Determining direct-axis transient short-circuit time constant, Ï„”²d
142	11.9.2 Determining direct-axis subtransient short-circuit time constant, Ï„”³d
143	11.10.1 Determining direct-axis transient open-circuit time constant, Ï„”²do
144	11.10.2 Parameter determination using method 1
145	11.10.3 Parameter determination using method 2
146	11.10.4 Method 3. Field current 11.10.5 Method 4. Voltage recovery 11.10.6 Determining direct-axis subtransient open-circuit time constant, Ï„”³do
147	11.11.1 General
148	11.11.2 Method 1. Resolved dc component 11.11.3 Method 2. DC components of phase currents 11.11.4 Method 3. Field current response 11.11.5 Rated-current and rated-voltage values of Ï„a—saturation effects 11.11.6 Correction of Ï„a to a specified temperature
149	11.12.1 General 11.12.2 Peak search 11.12.3 Envelope synchronization
151	11.12.4 Computation of symmetrical and dc components
152	11.12.5 Transient straight-line representation
154	11.12.6 Subtransient straight-line representation 11.12.7 DC component straight-line representation 11.12.8 Averaging
155	11.13.1 Specific tests and data gathering for a stationary test for determining X”³d
156	11.13.2 Method 4. Indirect method for determining X”³d 11.13.3 Rated-current and rated-voltage values—saturation effects on determining X”³d
157	11.13.4 Additional line-to-line sudden short-circuit test for determining X2 from method 4
158	11.13.5 Determining quadrature-axis subtransient reactance, X”³q
159	11.13.6 Determining rated current or rated voltage values of X”³q—Saturation effects
160	12. Standstill frequency response (SSFR) testing 12.1.1 Purpose of this form of testing 12.1.2 Advantages of SSFR test procedures
161	12.1.3 Theoretical background
162	12.1.4 Model representation possible from this form of testing
163	12.1.5 Additional comments on applying operational methods to synchronous machines
164	12.2.1 Machine conditions for SSFR tests for turbine generators
165	12.2.2 Instrumentation and connections 12.2.3 Typical test setups 12.2.4 Measurement accuracy
168	12.2.5 Precautions and ancillary matters relating to machine safety 12.2.6 Measurable parameters available during standstill tests
169	12.3.1 Required measurements
170	12.3.2 Positioning the rotor for direct-axis tests
171	12.3.3 Direct-axis tests
175	12.3.4 Positioning the rotor for quadrature-axis tests 12.3.5 Quadrature-axis tests
180	12.4.1 Parameter determination based on SSFR test results 12.5.1 General
181	12.5.2 Mathematical background
183	12.5.3 Curve-fitting procedures
185	12.5.4 Numerical example
190	12.5.5 General remarks and nomenclature
191	Annex A (informative) Bibliography
195	Annex B (normative) Nomenclature
196	Annex C (informative) Discussion on leakage and Potier reactances
197	Annex D (informative) Example of calculation of p.u. field current (IF)
198	Annex E (informative) Quadrature-axis transient or subtransient tests
202	Annex F (informative) Generator load rejection tests
210	Annex G (informative) Magnetic nonlinearity
213	Annex H (informative) Alternative approach to model development

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Standard Title	IEEE Guide for Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines Part IAcceptance and Performance Testing Part IITest Procedures and Parameter Determination for Dynamic Analysis
Published Code	IEEE
Publication Date	2010
Pages Count	219

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