IEEE STD 241 1990:1991 Edition
$39.00
IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems in Commercial Buildings
Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
IEEE | 1991 | 613 |
PDF Catalog
PDF Pages | PDF Title |
---|---|
1 | Title Page Title Page |
4 | Introduction Introduction Participants Participants |
7 | CONTENTS CONTENTS |
15 | 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1.1. Scope 1.1. Scope |
17 | 1.2. Commercial Buildings 1.2. Commercial Buildings |
18 | 1.3. The Industry Applications Society (IAS) 1.3. The Industry Applications Society (IAS) |
19 | 1.4. IEEE Publications 1.4. IEEE Publications 1.5. Professional Registration 1.5. Professional Registration |
20 | 1.6. Codes and Standards 1.6. Codes and Standards |
22 | 1.7. Handbooks 1.7. Handbooks |
23 | 1.8. Periodicals 1.8. Periodicals |
24 | 1.9. Manufacturers’ Data 1.9. Manufacturers’ Data 1.10. Safety 1.10. Safety |
25 | 1.11. Maintenance 1.11. Maintenance |
26 | 1.12. Design Considerations 1.12. Design Considerations |
29 | 1.13. Estimating 1.13. Estimating |
30 | 1.14. Contracts 1.14. Contracts 1.15. Building Access and Loading 1.15. Building Access and Loading 1.16. Contractor Performance 1.16. Contractor Performance |
31 | 1.17. Environmental Considerations 1.17. Environmental Considerations 1.18. Technical Files 1.18. Technical Files |
32 | 1.19. Electronic Systems 1.19. Electronic Systems 1.20. Power Supply Disturbances 1.20. Power Supply Disturbances |
33 | 1.21. Definitions 1.21. Definitions |
38 | 1.22. References 1.22. References |
39 | 2. Load Characteristics 2. Load Characteristics 2.1. General Discussion 2.1. General Discussion |
45 | 2.2. Load Characteristics 2.2. Load Characteristics |
54 | 2.3. Electromagnetic Hazards, Pollution, and Environmental Quality 2.3. Electromagnetic Hazards, Pollution, and Environmental Quality |
55 | 2.4. Additions to Existing Systems 2.4. Additions to Existing Systems |
56 | 2.5. Total Load Considerations 2.5. Total Load Considerations |
60 | 2.6. Example- Sample Partial Load Calculation for an Office Building 2.6. Example- Sample Partial Load Calculation for an Office Building |
63 | 2.7. References 2.7. References |
64 | 3. Voltage Considerations 3. Voltage Considerations 3.1. General Discussion 3.1. General Discussion |
68 | 3.2. Voltage Control in Electric Power Systems 3.2. Voltage Control in Electric Power Systems |
77 | 3.3. Voltage Selection 3.3. Voltage Selection |
79 | 3.4. Voltage Ratings for Utilization Equipment 3.4. Voltage Ratings for Utilization Equipment |
80 | 3.5. Effect of Voltage Variation on Utilization Equipment 3.5. Effect of Voltage Variation on Utilization Equipment |
84 | 3.6. Calculations of Voltage Drops 3.6. Calculations of Voltage Drops |
96 | 3.7. Improvement of Voltage Conditions 3.7. Improvement of Voltage Conditions |
97 | 3.8. Voltage-Drop Considerations in Locating the Low-Voltage Power Source 3.8. Voltage-Drop Considerations in Locating the Low-Voltage Power Source 3.9. Momentary Voltage Variations- Voltage Dips 3.9. Momentary Voltage Variations- Voltage Dips |
99 | 3.10. Calculation of Voltage Dips 3.10. Calculation of Voltage Dips |
101 | 3.11. Phase Voltage Unbalance in Three-Phase Systems 3.11. Phase Voltage Unbalance in Three-Phase Systems |
105 | 3.12. Harmonic Voltages 3.12. Harmonic Voltages |
107 | 3.13. Transient Overvoltages 3.13. Transient Overvoltages |
108 | 3.14. References 3.14. References |
109 | 3.15. Bibliography 3.15. Bibliography 4. Power Sources and Distribution Systems 4. Power Sources and Distribution Systems 4.1. General Discussion 4.1. General Discussion 4.2. Electric Power Supply 4.2. Electric Power Supply |
115 | 4.3. Interrelated Utility and Project Factors That Influence Design 4.3. Interrelated Utility and Project Factors That Influence Design |
116 | 4.4. Electric Utility Metering and Billing 4.4. Electric Utility Metering and Billing |
121 | 4.5. Transformer Connections 4.5. Transformer Connections |
122 | 4.6. Principal Transformer Secondary Connections 4.6. Principal Transformer Secondary Connections |
123 | 4.7. System Grounding 4.7. System Grounding |
125 | 4.8. Distribution Circuit Arrangements 4.8. Distribution Circuit Arrangements |
138 | 4.9. Emergency and Standby Power Systems 4.9. Emergency and Standby Power Systems |
144 | 4.10. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems 4.10. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems |
158 | 4.11. Voltage Regulation and Power Factor Correction 4.11. Voltage Regulation and Power Factor Correction 4.12. System Reliability Analysis 4.12. System Reliability Analysis |
159 | 4.13. References 4.13. References |
161 | 5. Power Distribution Apparatus 5. Power Distribution Apparatus 5.1. General Discussion 5.1. General Discussion |
162 | 5.2. Transformers 5.2. Transformers |
171 | 5.3. Medium- and High-Voltage Fuses 5.3. Medium- and High-Voltage Fuses |
176 | 5.4. Metal -Enclosed 5-34.5 kV Interrupter Switchgear 5.4. Metal -Enclosed 5-34.5 kV Interrupter Switchgear |
177 | 5.5. Metal-Clad 5-34.5 kV Circuit Breaker Switchgear 5.5. Metal-Clad 5-34.5 kV Circuit Breaker Switchgear |
179 | 5.6. Metal-Enclosed, Low-Voltage 600 V Power Switchgear and Circuit Breakers 5.6. Metal-Enclosed, Low-Voltage 600 V Power Switchgear and Circuit Breakers |
181 | 5.7. Metal-Enclosed Distribution Switchboards 5.7. Metal-Enclosed Distribution Switchboards |
182 | 5.8. Primary-Unit Substations 5.8. Primary-Unit Substations 5.9. Secondary-Unit Substations 5.9. Secondary-Unit Substations |
183 | 5.10. Panelboards 5.10. Panelboards |
185 | 5.11. Molded-Case Circuit Breakers 5.11. Molded-Case Circuit Breakers |
186 | 5.12. Low-Voltage Fuses 5.12. Low-Voltage Fuses |
190 | 5.13. Service Protectors 5.13. Service Protectors 5.14. Enclosed Switches 5.14. Enclosed Switches |
191 | 5.15. Bolted Pressure Switches and High-Pressure Contact Switches 5.15. Bolted Pressure Switches and High-Pressure Contact Switches |
192 | 5.16. Network Protectors 5.16. Network Protectors |
193 | 5.17. Lightning and System Transient Protection 5.17. Lightning and System Transient Protection |
195 | 5.18. Load Transfer Devices 5.18. Load Transfer Devices |
199 | 5.19. Interlock Systems 5.19. Interlock Systems 5.20. Remote Control Contactors 5.20. Remote Control Contactors |
202 | 5.21. Equipment Ratings 5.21. Equipment Ratings 5.22. References 5.22. References |
204 | 5.23. Bibliography 5.23. Bibliography |
205 | 6. Controllers 6. Controllers 6.1. General Discussion 6.1. General Discussion |
206 | 6.2. Starting 6.2. Starting |
211 | 6.3. Protection 6.3. Protection |
214 | 6.4. Special Features 6.4. Special Features |
215 | 6.5. Control Systems 6.5. Control Systems |
218 | 6.6. Low-Voltage Starters and Controllers 6.6. Low-Voltage Starters and Controllers |
220 | 6.7. Multiple-Speed Controllers 6.7. Multiple-Speed Controllers |
221 | 6.8. Fire Pump Controllers 6.8. Fire Pump Controllers 6.9. Medium-Voltage Starters and Controllers 6.9. Medium-Voltage Starters and Controllers |
222 | 6.10. Synchronous Motor Starters 6.10. Synchronous Motor Starters 6.11. DC Motor Controls 6.11. DC Motor Controls 6.12. Pilot Devices 6.12. Pilot Devices |
225 | 6.13. Speed Control of DC Motors 6.13. Speed Control of DC Motors |
226 | 6.14. Speed Control of AC Motors 6.14. Speed Control of AC Motors |
227 | 6.15. Power System Harmonics from Adjustable Speed Motor Controls 6.15. Power System Harmonics from Adjustable Speed Motor Controls 6.16. References 6.16. References 7. Services, Vaults, And Electrical Equipment Rooms 7. Services, Vaults, And Electrical Equipment Rooms 7.1. Incoming Lines and Service Laterals 7.1. Incoming Lines and Service Laterals |
231 | 7.2. Service Entrance Installations 7.2. Service Entrance Installations |
237 | 7.3. Vaults and Pads for Service Equipment 7.3. Vaults and Pads for Service Equipment |
238 | 7.4. Network Vaults for High-Rise Buildings 7.4. Network Vaults for High-Rise Buildings |
241 | 7.5. Service Rooms and Electrical Closets 7.5. Service Rooms and Electrical Closets |
242 | 7.6. References 7.6. References 8. Wiring Systems 8. Wiring Systems 8.1. Introduction 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Cable Systems 8.2. Cable Systems |
243 | 8.3. Cable Construction 8.3. Cable Construction |
253 | 8.4. Cable Outer Finishes 8.4. Cable Outer Finishes |
257 | 8.5. Cable Ratings 8.5. Cable Ratings |
263 | 8.6. Installation 8.6. Installation |
270 | 8.7. Connectors 8.7. Connectors |
274 | 8.8. Terminations 8.8. Terminations |
282 | 8.9. Splicing Devices and Techniques 8.9. Splicing Devices and Techniques |
285 | 8.10. Grounding of Cable Systems 8.10. Grounding of Cable Systems |
286 | 8.11. Protection from Transient Overvoltage 8.11. Protection from Transient Overvoltage 8.12. Testing 8.12. Testing |
291 | 8.13. Locating Cable Faults 8.13. Locating Cable Faults |
294 | 8.14. Cable Specification 8.14. Cable Specification 8.15. Busway 8.15. Busway |
295 | 8.16. Busway Construction 8.16. Busway Construction |
296 | 8.17. Feeder Busway 8.17. Feeder Busway |
297 | 8.18. Plug-in Busway 8.18. Plug-in Busway |
298 | 8.19. Lighting Busway 8.19. Lighting Busway |
299 | 8.20. Trolley Busway 8.20. Trolley Busway 8.21. Standards 8.21. Standards |
300 | 8.22. Selection and Application of Busways 8.22. Selection and Application of Busways |
305 | 8.23. Layout 8.23. Layout |
307 | 8.24. Installation 8.24. Installation |
308 | 8.25. Field Testing 8.25. Field Testing 8.26. Busways Over 600 V (Metal-Enclosed Bus) 8.26. Busways Over 600 V (Metal-Enclosed Bus) |
310 | 8.27. References 8.27. References |
311 | 8.28. Bibliography 8.28. Bibliography |
312 | 9. System Protection and Coordination 9. System Protection and Coordination 9.1. General Discussion 9.1. General Discussion |
322 | 9.2. Short-Circuit Calculations 9.2. Short-Circuit Calculations |
324 | 9.3. Selection of Equipment 9.3. Selection of Equipment |
325 | 9.4. Basis of Short-Circuit Current Calculations 9.4. Basis of Short-Circuit Current Calculations |
327 | 9.5. Details of Short-Circuit Current Calculations 9.5. Details of Short-Circuit Current Calculations |
358 | 9.6. Method of Reducing the Available Short-Circuit Current 9.6. Method of Reducing the Available Short-Circuit Current |
362 | 9.7. Selective Coordination 9.7. Selective Coordination |
376 | 9.8. Fuses 9.8. Fuses |
391 | 9.9. Current-Limiting Circuit Breakers 9.9. Current-Limiting Circuit Breakers 9.10. Ground-Fault Protection 9.10. Ground-Fault Protection |
393 | 9.11. References 9.11. References |
394 | 9.12. Bibliography 9.12. Bibliography |
395 | 10. Lighting 10. Lighting 10.1. General Discussion 10.1. General Discussion |
396 | 10.2. Lighting Terminology 10.2. Lighting Terminology |
398 | 10.3. Illumination Quality 10.3. Illumination Quality |
401 | 10.4. Illumination Quantity 10.4. Illumination Quantity |
403 | 10.5. Light Sources 10.5. Light Sources |
409 | 10.6. Ballasts 10.6. Ballasts |
412 | 10.7. Luminaries 10.7. Luminaries |
415 | 10.8. Lighting Application Techniques 10.8. Lighting Application Techniques |
432 | 10.9. Control of Lighting 10.9. Control of Lighting |
437 | 10.10. Lighting Maintenance 10.10. Lighting Maintenance 10.11. Voltage 10.11. Voltage |
439 | 10.12. Power Factor 10.12. Power Factor 10.13. Temperature 10.13. Temperature |
440 | 10.14. Ballast Sound 10.14. Ballast Sound |
441 | 10.15. Lighting Economics 10.15. Lighting Economics |
443 | 10.16. Illuminance Calculations 10.16. Illuminance Calculations 10.17. Lighting and Thermal Considerations 10.17. Lighting and Thermal Considerations |
445 | 10.18. References 10.18. References |
446 | 11. Electric Space Conditioning 11. Electric Space Conditioning 11.1. General Discussion 11.1. General Discussion 11.2. Primary Source of Heat 11.2. Primary Source of Heat |
451 | 11.3. Energy Conservation 11.3. Energy Conservation |
454 | 11.4. Definitions 11.4. Definitions |
455 | 11.5. References 11.5. References |
456 | 12. Transportation 12. Transportation 12.1. General Discussion 12.1. General Discussion |
457 | 12.2. Types of Transportation 12.2. Types of Transportation |
462 | 12.3. Elevator Control, Motors, and Motor Generators 12.3. Elevator Control, Motors, and Motor Generators |
465 | 12.4. Elevator Horsepower and Efficiency 12.4. Elevator Horsepower and Efficiency |
466 | 12.5. Elevator Energy Consumption and Heat Release 12.5. Elevator Energy Consumption and Heat Release 12.6. Elevator Conductors and Diversity Factor 12.6. Elevator Conductors and Diversity Factor |
469 | 12.7. Elevator Operation 12.7. Elevator Operation |
470 | 12.8. Quality of Elevator Performance 12.8. Quality of Elevator Performance |
471 | 12.9. Elevator Doors and Automatic Door Operation 12.9. Elevator Doors and Automatic Door Operation |
472 | 12.10. Group Supervisory Control 12.10. Group Supervisory Control 12.11. Specification of Elevator Plant 12.11. Specification of Elevator Plant |
475 | 12.12. Regenerated Energy 12.12. Regenerated Energy |
476 | 12.13. Standby Power Operation of Elevators 12.13. Standby Power Operation of Elevators |
477 | 12.14. Operation of Elevators During Fire Conditions 12.14. Operation of Elevators During Fire Conditions |
478 | 12.15. Emergency Signals and Communications 12.15. Emergency Signals and Communications 12.16. Car Lighting 12.16. Car Lighting 12.17. References 12.17. References |
479 | 13. Communication and Signal System Planning 13. Communication and Signal System Planning 13.1. General Discussion 13.1. General Discussion |
482 | 13.2. Telephone Facilities 13.2. Telephone Facilities |
486 | 13.3. Data Facilities 13.3. Data Facilities |
490 | 13.4. Fire Alarm Systems 13.4. Fire Alarm Systems |
491 | 13.5. Security and Access Control Systems 13.5. Security and Access Control Systems 13.6. Audio Communications Systems 13.6. Audio Communications Systems |
494 | 13.7. Image Communication Systems 13.7. Image Communication Systems |
495 | 13.8. Nurse Call Systems 13.8. Nurse Call Systems |
496 | 13.9. Pocket Paging Systems 13.9. Pocket Paging Systems 13.10. References 13.10. References |
497 | 14. Facility Automation 14. Facility Automation 14.1. Introduction 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Functions 14.2. Functions |
498 | 14.3. Establishment of System Requirements 14.3. Establishment of System Requirements |
499 | 14.4. System Description and Equipment 14.4. System Description and Equipment |
501 | 14.5. Central Monitoring and Control Equipment 14.5. Central Monitoring and Control Equipment |
504 | 14.6. HVAC and Energy Management 14.6. HVAC and Energy Management |
509 | 14.7. Fire Management 14.7. Fire Management |
512 | 14.8. Security 14.8. Security |
513 | 14.9. Transportation and Traffic 14.9. Transportation and Traffic 14.10. Pollution and Hazardous Waste 14.10. Pollution and Hazardous Waste |
514 | 14.11. Electric Systems 14.11. Electric Systems |
515 | 14.12. Mechanical Utilities 14.12. Mechanical Utilities |
516 | 14.13. Communications 14.13. Communications 14.14. Miscellaneous Systems 14.14. Miscellaneous Systems |
518 | 14.15. FAS Design and Installation 14.15. FAS Design and Installation |
522 | 14.16. Training 14.16. Training |
523 | 14.17. Maintenance and Operation 14.17. Maintenance and Operation |
525 | 14.18. References 14.18. References |
526 | 14.19. Bibliography 14.19. Bibliography |
527 | 15. Expansion, Modernization, and Rehabilitation 15. Expansion, Modernization, and Rehabilitation 15.1. General Discussion 15.1. General Discussion 15.2. Preliminary Study 15.2. Preliminary Study |
532 | 15.3. Design Considerations 15.3. Design Considerations |
535 | 15.4. Retaining Old Service Equipment 15.4. Retaining Old Service Equipment |
536 | 15.5. Completely New Service Equipment 15.5. Completely New Service Equipment 15.6. Additional New Service Point 15.6. Additional New Service Point |
537 | 15.7. Voltage Transformation 15.7. Voltage Transformation 15.8. Distribution of Power to Main Switchboards 15.8. Distribution of Power to Main Switchboards |
538 | 15.9. Existing Plans 15.9. Existing Plans |
539 | 15.10. Scheduling and Service Continuity 15.10. Scheduling and Service Continuity |
545 | 15.11. Wiring Methods 15.11. Wiring Methods |
546 | 15.12. References 15.12. References 16. Special Requirements by Occupancy 16. Special Requirements by Occupancy 16.1. General Discussion 16.1. General Discussion |
547 | 16.2. Auditoriums 16.2. Auditoriums |
548 | 16.3. Automobile Areas 16.3. Automobile Areas |
550 | 16.4. Banks 16.4. Banks |
551 | 16.5. Brokerage Offices 16.5. Brokerage Offices 16.6. Places of Worship 16.6. Places of Worship |
552 | 16.7. Athletic and Social Clubs 16.7. Athletic and Social Clubs |
553 | 16.8. Colleges and Universities 16.8. Colleges and Universities |
554 | 16.9. Computer Centers 16.9. Computer Centers |
555 | 16.10. Department Stores 16.10. Department Stores |
557 | 16.11. Fire Stations 16.11. Fire Stations |
558 | 16.12. Gymnasiums 16.12. Gymnasiums 16.13. Health Care Facilities 16.13. Health Care Facilities |
563 | 16.14. Hotels 16.14. Hotels |
565 | 16.15. Libraries 16.15. Libraries 16.16. Museums 16.16. Museums 16.17. Newspaper Buildings 16.17. Newspaper Buildings |
566 | 16.18. Office Buildings 16.18. Office Buildings |
571 | 16.19. Parks and Playgrounds 16.19. Parks and Playgrounds 16.20. Piers, Docks, and Boat Marinas 16.20. Piers, Docks, and Boat Marinas 16.21. Police Stations 16.21. Police Stations |
572 | 16.22. Prisons 16.22. Prisons |
573 | 16.23. Radio Stations 16.23. Radio Stations |
574 | 16.24. Recreation Centers 16.24. Recreation Centers 16.25. Residential Occupancies (Commercial) 16.25. Residential Occupancies (Commercial) |
575 | 16.26. Restaurants 16.26. Restaurants |
576 | 16.27. Schools (Kindergarten Through 12th Grade) 16.27. Schools (Kindergarten Through 12th Grade) 16.28. Shopping Centers 16.28. Shopping Centers |
577 | 16.29. Supermarkets 16.29. Supermarkets |
578 | 16.30. Swimming Pools and Fountains 16.30. Swimming Pools and Fountains 16.31. Telephone Buildings 16.31. Telephone Buildings |
579 | 16.32. Television Studios 16.32. Television Studios 16.33. Theaters 16.33. Theaters |
580 | 16.34. Transportation Terminals 16.34. Transportation Terminals |
584 | 16.35. References 16.35. References |
585 | 16.36. Bibliography 16.36. Bibliography 17. Electrical Energy Management 17. Electrical Energy Management 17.1. Energy Management Requirements 17.1. Energy Management Requirements |
586 | 17.2. Energy Conservation Opportunities 17.2. Energy Conservation Opportunities |
587 | 17.3. The Energy Management Process 17.3. The Energy Management Process |
589 | 17.4. Lighting 17.4. Lighting |
598 | 17.5. Calculating Energy Savings 17.5. Calculating Energy Savings |
603 | 17.6. Load Management 17.6. Load Management |
605 | 17.7. efficiencies of Electrical Equipment 17.7. efficiencies of Electrical Equipment |
607 | 17.8. Metering 17.8. Metering |
609 | 17.9. Operations 17.9. Operations |
610 | 17.10. Energy Conservation Equipment 17.10. Energy Conservation Equipment |
612 | 17.11. References 17.11. References 17.12. Bibliography 17.12. Bibliography |
613 | 17.13. Projects 17.13. Projects |