{"id":255936,"date":"2024-10-19T16:55:14","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T16:55:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/bs-en-61400-22014-2\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T12:24:10","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T12:24:10","slug":"bs-en-61400-22014-2","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/bsi\/bs-en-61400-22014-2\/","title":{"rendered":"BS EN 61400-2:2014"},"content":{"rendered":"

This part of IEC 61400<\/span> <\/span> deals with safety philosophy, quality assurance, and engineering integrity and specifies requirements for the safety of small wind turbines (SWTs) including design, installation, maintenance and operation under specified external conditions. Its purpose is to provide the appropriate level of protection against damage from hazards from these systems during their planned lifetime.<\/p>\n

This standard is concerned with all subsystems of SWTs such as protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems, support structures, foundations and the electrical interconnection with the load. A small wind turbine system includes the wind turbine itself including support structures, the turbine controller, the charge controller \/ inverter (if required), wiring and disconnects, the installation and operation manual(s) and other documentation.<\/p>\n

While this standard is similar to IEC 61400\u20111<\/span> <\/span>, it does simplify and make significant changes in order to be applicable to small wind turbines. Any of the requirements of this standard may be altered if it can be suitably demonstrated that the safety of the turbine system is not compromised. This provision, however, does not apply to the classification and the associated definitions of external conditions in Clause 6<\/span>. Compliance with this standard does not relieve any person, organisation, or corporation from the responsibility of observing other applicable regulations.<\/p>\n

This standard applies to wind turbines with a rotor swept area smaller than or equal to 200 m 2<\/sup>, generating electricity at a voltage below 1 000 V a.c. or 1 500 V d.c. for both on-grid and off-grid applications.<\/p>\n

This standard should be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards (see Clause 2<\/span>).<\/p>\n

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nundefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nEnglish
CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\nFOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\n1 Scope
2 Normative references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\n3 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\n4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 General
4.2 Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\n4.3 Coordinate system
Figures
Figure 1 \u2013 Definition of the system of axes for HAWT <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\n5 Principal elements
5.1 General
Figure 2 \u2013 Definition of the system of axes for VAWT <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\n5.2 Design methods
5.3 Quality assurance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\nFigure 3 \u2013 IEC 61400-2 decision path <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\nI Design evaluation
6 External conditions
6.1 General
6.2 SWT classes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\n6.3 Wind conditions
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Normal wind conditions
Tables
Table 1 \u2013 Basic parameters for SWT classes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\n6.3.3 Extreme wind conditions
Figure 4 \u2013 Characteristic wind turbulence <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\nFigure 5 \u2013 Example of extreme operating gust (N=1, Vhub = 25 m\/s) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\nFigure 6 \u2013 Example of extreme direction change magnitude (N = 50, D = 5 m, zhub = 20 m)
Figure 7 \u2013 Example of extreme direction change transient (N = 50, Vhub = 25 m\/s)
Figure 8 \u2013 Extreme coherent gust (Vhub = 25 m\/s) (ECG) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\n6.4 Other environmental conditions
6.4.1 General
Figure 9 \u2013 The direction change for ECD
Figure 10 \u2013 Time development of direction change for Vhub = 25 m\/s <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\n6.4.2 Other normal environmental conditions
6.4.3 Other extreme environmental conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\n6.5 Controlled test conditions
6.6 Electrical load conditions
6.6.1 General
6.6.2 For turbines connected to the electrical power network
6.6.3 For turbines not connected to the electrical power network <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\n7 Structural design
7.1 General
7.2 Design methodology
7.3 Loads and load cases
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Vibration, inertial and gravitational loads
7.3.3 Aerodynamic loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\n7.3.4 Operational loads
7.3.5 Other loads
7.3.6 Load cases
7.4 Simplified loads methodology
7.4.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
47<\/td>\n7.4.2 Load case A: normal operation
Table 2 \u2013 Design load cases for the simplified load calculation method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\n7.4.3 Load case B: yawing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\n7.4.4 Load case C: yaw error
7.4.5 Load case D: maximum thrust
7.4.6 Load case E: maximum rotational speed
7.4.7 Load case F: short at load connection
7.4.8 Load case G: shutdown (braking) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\n7.4.9 Load case H: extreme wind loading <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\n7.4.10 Load case I: parked wind loading, maximum exposure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\n7.4.11 Load case J: transportation, assembly, maintenance and repair
7.5 Simulation modelling
7.5.1 General
Table 3 \u2013 Force coefficients (Cf) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\n7.5.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.5)
Table 4 \u2013 Minimum set of design load cases (DLC) for simulation by aero-elastic models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\n7.5.3 Power production plus occurrence of fault (DLC 2.1 to 2.3)
7.5.4 Normal shutdown (DLC 3.1 and 3.2)
7.5.5 Emergency or manual shutdown (DLC 4.1)
7.5.6 Extreme wind loading (stand-still or idling or spinning) (DLC 5.1 to 5.2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\n7.5.7 Parked plus fault conditions (DLC 6.1)
7.5.8 Transportation, assembly, maintenance and repair (DLC 7.1)
7.5.9 Load calculations
7.6 Load measurements
7.7 Stress calculation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\n7.8 Safety factors
7.8.1 Material factors and requirements
Table 5 \u2013 Equivalent stresses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\n7.8.2 Partial safety factor for loads
7.9 Limit state analysis
7.9.1 Ultimate strength analysis
Table 6 \u2013 Partial safety factors for materials
Table 7 \u2013 Partial safety factors for loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\n7.9.2 Fatigue failure
7.9.3 Critical deflection analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\n8 Protection and shutdown system
8.1 General
8.2 Functional requirements of the protection system
8.3 Manual shutdown <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\n8.4 Shutdown for maintenance
9 Electrical system
9.1 General
9.2 Protective devices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\n9.3 Disconnect device
9.4 Earthing (grounding) systems
9.5 Lightning protection
9.6 Electrical conductors and cables
9.7 Electrical loads
9.7.1 General
9.7.2 Battery charging <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\n9.7.3 Electrical power network (grid connected systems)
9.7.4 Direct connect to electric motors (e.g. water pumping)
9.7.5 Direct resistive load (e.g. heating)
9.8 Local requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\n10 Support structure
10.1 General
10.2 Dynamic requirements
10.3 Environmental factors
10.4 Earthing
10.5 Foundation
10.6 Turbine access design loads
11 Documentation requirements
11.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\n11.2 Product manuals
11.2.1 General
11.2.2 Specification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\n11.2.3 Installation
11.2.4 Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\n11.2.5 Maintenance and routine inspection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\n11.3 Consumer label
12 Wind turbine markings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\nII Type testing
13 Testing
13.1 General
13.2 Tests to verify design data
13.2.1 General
13.2.2 Pdesign, ndesign, Vdesign and Qdesign <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\n13.2.3 Maximum yaw rate
13.2.4 Maximum rotational speed
13.3 Mechanical loads testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\n13.4 Duration testing
13.4.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\n13.4.2 Reliable operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\n13.4.3 Dynamic behaviour <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\n13.4.4 Reporting of duration test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\n13.5 Mechanical component testing
13.5.1 General
13.5.2 Blade test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\n13.5.3 Hub test
13.5.4 Nacelle frame test
13.5.5 Yaw mechanism test
13.5.6 Gearbox test
13.6 Safety and function <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\n13.7 Environmental testing
13.8 Electrical <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nAnnex A (informative) Variants of small wind turbine systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\nAnnex B (normative) Design parameters for describing SWT class S <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\nAnnex C (informative) Stochastic turbulence models
Table C.1 \u2013 Turbulence spectral parameters for Kaimal model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nAnnex D (informative) Deterministic turbulence description <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\nAnnex E (informative) Partial safety factors for materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\nFigure E.1 \u2013 Normal and Weibull distribution
Table E.1 \u2013 Factors for different survival probabilities and variabilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\nFigure E.2 \u2013 Typical S-N diagram for fatigue of glass fibre composites (Figure 41 from reference [E.2])
Figure E.3 \u2013 Typical environmental effects on glass fibre composites (Figure 25 from reference [E.2])
Figure E.4 \u2013 Fatigue strain diagram for large tow unidirectional 0\u00b0 carbonfibre\/vinyl ester composites, R = 0,1 and 10 (Figure 107 from reference [E.2]) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\nFigure E.5 \u2013 S-N curves for fatigue of typical metals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\nFigure E.6 \u2013 Fatigue life data for jointed softwood (from reference [E.5])
Figure E.7 \u2013 Typical S-N curve for wood (from reference [E.5]) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\nFigure E.8 \u2013 Effect of moisture content on compressive strengthof lumber parallel to grain (Figure 4-13 from reference [E.6])
Figure E.9 \u2013 Effect of moisture content on wood strength properties (Figure 4-11 from reference [E.6]) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\nFigure E.10 \u2013 Effect of grain angle on mechanical propertyof clear wood according to Hankinson-type formula (Figure 4-4 from reference [E.6]) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\nTable E.2 \u2013 Geometric discontinuities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\nAnnex F (informative) Development of the simplified loads methodology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\nAnnex G (informative) Example of test reporting formats
Table G.1 \u2013 Example duration test result <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\nFigure G.1 \u2013 Example power degradation plot <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\nFigure G.2 \u2013 Example binned sea level normalized power curve <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
109<\/td>\nFigure G.3 \u2013 Example scatter plot of measured power and wind speed
Table G.2 \u2013 Example calculated annual energy production (AEP) table <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\nFigure G.4 \u2013 Example immission noise map <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
111<\/td>\nAnnex H (informative) EMC measurements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\nFigure H.1 \u2013 Measurement setup of radiated emissions (set up type A)
Figure H.2 \u2013 Measurement setup of radiated emissions (set up type B) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\nFigure H.3 \u2013 Measurement setup of conducted emissions (setup type A)
Figure H.4 \u2013 Measurement setup of conducted emissions (setup type B) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\nAnnex I (normative) Natural frequency analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\nFigure I.1 \u2013 Example of a Campbell diagram <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\nAnnex J (informative) Extreme environmental conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
119<\/td>\nAnnex K (informative) Extreme wind conditions of tropical cyclones <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
120<\/td>\nTable K.1 \u2013 Top five average extreme wind speeds recorded at meteorological stations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\nTable K.2 \u2013 Extreme wind speeds recorded at meteorological stations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
122<\/td>\nFigure K.1 \u2013 Comparison of predicted and observed extremewinds in a mixed climate region (after Isihara, T. and Yamaguchi, A.) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
124<\/td>\nFigure K.2 \u2013 Tropical cyclone tracks between 1945 and 2006 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\nAnnex L (informative) Other wind conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\nFigure L.1 \u2013 Simulation showing inclined flow on a building (courtesy Sander Mertens) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
127<\/td>\nFigure L.2 \u2013 Example wind flow around a building <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\nFigure L.3 \u2013 Turbulence intensity and wind speed distribution, 5 m above treetopsin a forest north of Uppsala, Sweden, during Jan-Dec 2009
Figure L.4 \u2013 Turbulence intensity and wind speed distribution, 69 m above treetops in a forest north of Uppsala, Sweden, during 2009 (limited data for high wind speeds) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
129<\/td>\nFigure L.5 \u2013 Turbulence intensity and wind distribution, 2 m above rooftopin Melville, Western Australia, during Jan-Feb 2009, reference [L.4]
Figure L.6 \u2013 Turbulence intensity and wind speed distribution, 5,7 m above a rooftopin Port Kennedy, Western Australia, during Feb-Mar 2010, reference [L.4] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\nFigure L.7 \u2013 Example extreme direction changes; 1,5 m above a rooftop in Tokyo,Japan during three months February-May of 2007 (0,5 Hz data, reference [L.5]) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
131<\/td>\nFigure L.8 \u2013 Example extreme direction changes; 1,5 m above a rooftop in Tokyo, Japan during five months September 2010 to February 2011 (1,0 Hz data, reference [L.5])
Figure L.9 \u2013 Gust factor measurements during storm in Port Kennedy,Western Australia, during March 2010, measured 5 m above rooftop compared with 10-min average wind speed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
133<\/td>\nAnnex M (informative) Consumer label <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
136<\/td>\nFigure M.1 \u2013 Sample label in English <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
137<\/td>\nFigure M.2 \u2013 Sample bilingual label (English\/French) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
138<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Wind turbines – Small wind turbines<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BSI<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2019<\/td>\n136<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":255939,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2641],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-255936","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-bsi","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/255936","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/255939"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=255936"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=255936"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=255936"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}