This document classifies different modes of failure occurring in service for rolling bearings made of standard bearing steels. For each failure mode, it defines and describes the characteristics, appearance and possible root causes of failure. It will assist in the identification of failure modes based on appearance.<\/p>\n
For the purposes of this document, the following terms are explained:<\/p>\n
failure of a rolling bearing: the result of a damage that prevents the bearing meeting the intended design performance or marks the end of service life;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
in service: as soon as the bearing has left the manufacturer\u2019s factory;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
visible features: those that are possible to observe directly or with magnifiers or optical microscopes, also those from pictures, but only with the use of non-destructive methods.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Consideration is restricted to characteristic forms of change in appearance and failure that have well-defined appearance and which can be attributed to particular causes with a high degree of certainty. The features of particular interest for explaining changes and failures are described. The various forms are illustrated with photographs and the most frequent causes are indicated.<\/p>\n
If the root cause cannot be reliably assessed by the examination and characterization of visual features against the information in this document, then additional investigations are to be considered. These methods are summarized in A.3 and may involve, for example, the use of invasive methods possibly including taking of cross sections, metallurgical structural analysis by visual and electronic microscopes, chemical and spectrographic analysis. These specialized methods are outside the scope of this document.<\/p>\n
The failure mode terms shown in the subclause titles are recommended for general use. Where appropriate, alternative expressions or synonyms used to describe the submodes are given and explained in A.4.<\/p>\n
Examples of rolling bearing failures are given in A.2, together with a description of the causes of failure and proposed corrective actions.<\/p>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2<\/td>\n | National foreword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 6<\/td>\n | Foreword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 7<\/td>\n | Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 9<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | 4 Classification of failure modes occurring in rolling bearings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | 5 Failure modes 5.1 Rolling contact fatigue 5.1.1 General description of rolling contact fatigue <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | 5.1.2 Subsurface initiated fatigue 5.1.3 Surface initiated fatigue <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | 5.2 Wear 5.2.1 General description of wear 5.2.2 Abrasive wear <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | 5.2.3 Adhesive wear <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 5.3 Corrosion 5.3.1 General description of corrosion 5.3.2 Moisture corrosion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 5.3.3 Frictional corrosion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 5.4 Electrical erosion 5.4.1 General description of electrical erosion 5.4.2 Excessive current erosion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 5.4.3 Current leakage erosion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 5.5 Plastic deformation 5.5.1 General description of plastic deformation 5.5.2 Overload deformation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | 5.5.3 Indentations from particles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 5.6 Cracking and fracture 5.6.1 General description of cracking and fracture 5.6.2 Forced fracture <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | 5.6.3 Fatigue fracture <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | 5.6.4 Thermal cracking <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | Annex A (informative) Failure analysis — Illustrations of damage — Other investigations — Explanation of terms used <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 61<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Rolling bearings. Damage and failures. Terms, characteristics and causes<\/b><\/p>\n |