Name: 2009 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals TOC PDF - PDF Standards Store
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1	ip09FrontCover
2	09FrontMatter_I-P
3	Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER
10	ip09Inside4VolTOC 2009 FUNDAMENTALS 2008 HVAC SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
11	2007 HVAC APPLICATIONS 2006 REFRIGERATION
13	ip09Spine
14	I-P_F09_Ch01 Composition of Dry and Moist Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere
15	Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation Humidity Parameters Basic Parameters
25	Humidity Parameters Involving Saturation Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air
26	Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature Numerical Calculation of Moist Air Properties
27	Moist Air Property Tables for Standard Pressure Psychrometric Charts
29	Typical Air-Conditioning Processes Moist Air Sensible Heating or Cooling Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams
30	Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist Air Schematic Showing Injection of Water into Moist Air
31	Space Heat Absorption and Moist Air Moisture Gains
32	Transport Properties of Moist Air Symbols
33	References Bibliography
34	I-P_F09_Ch02 Thermodynamics Stored Energy Energy in Transition
35	First Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics
36	Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles Equations of State
37	Calculating Thermodynamic Properties
38	Phase Equilibria for Multicomponent Systems
39	Compression Refrigeration Cycles Carnot Cycle
40	Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Pure Refrigerant or Azeotropic Mixture
41	Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle
42	Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixture
43	Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles
44	Actual Refrigeration Systems
46	Absorption Refrigeration Cycles Ideal Thermal Cycle Working Fluid Phase Change Constraints
47	Temperature Glide Working Fluids
48	Absorption Cycle Representations Conceptualizing the Cycle
49	Absorption Cycle Modeling Analysis and Performance Simulation
50	Double-Effect Cycle
51	Ammonia/Water Absorption Cycles
52	Symbols
53	References Bibliography
54	I-P_F09_Ch03 Fluid Properties Density Viscosity
55	Basic Relations of Fluid Dynamics Continuity in a Pipe or Duct Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation in Flow Direction
56	Laminar Flow Turbulence Basic Flow Processes Wall Friction
57	Boundary Layer Flow Patterns with Separation
58	Drag Forces on Bodies or Struts Nonisothermal Effects
59	Flow Analysis Generalized Bernoulli Equation Conduit Friction
61	Valve, Fitting, and Transition Losses
62	Control Valve Characterization for Liquids Incompressible Flow in Systems
63	Flow Measurement
64	Unsteady Flow
65	Compressibility
66	Compressible Conduit Flow Cavitation Noise in Fluid Flow
67	Symbols References Bibliography
68	I-P_F09_Ch04 Heat Transfer Processes Conduction Convection
69	Radiation Combined Radiation and Convection Contact or Interface Resistance Heat Flux
70	Overall Resistance and Heat Transfer Coefficient Thermal Conduction One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction
71	Two- and Three-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction: Shape Factors Extended Surfaces
75	Transient Conduction
78	Thermal Radiation Blackbody Radiation
79	Actual Radiation
80	Angle Factor
81	Radiant Exchange Between Opaque Surfaces
83	Radiation in Gases Thermal Convection Forced Convection
88	Heat Exchangers Mean Temperature Difference Analysis NTU-Effectiveness (e) Analysis
90	Plate Heat Exchangers Heat Exchanger Transients Heat Transfer Augmentation
91	Passive Techniques
94	Active Techniques
97	Symbols
98	Greek Subscripts References
100	Bibliography Fins
101	Heat Exchangers Heat Transfer, General
102	I-P_F09_Ch05 Boiling Boiling and Pool Boiling in Natural Convection Systems
105	Maximum Heat Flux and Film Boiling Flooded Evaporators Forced-Convection Evaporation in Tubes
108	Boiling in Plate Heat Exchangers
109	Condensing Condensation on Inside Surface of Horizontal Tubes
111	Noncondensable Gases
112	Other Impurities Pressure Drop Friedel Correlation
113	Lockhart and Martinelli Correlation Grönnerud Correlation Müller-Steinhagen and Heck Correlation
114	Recommendations Pressure Drop in Plate Heat Exchangers
115	Enhanced Surfaces Symbols
116	References
120	I-P_F09_Ch06 Molecular Diffusion Fick’s Law Fick’s Law for Dilute Mixtures
121	Fick’s Law for Mass Diffusion Through Solids or Stagnant Fluids (Stationary Media) Fick’s Law for Ideal Gases with Negligible Temperature Gradient Diffusion Coefficient
122	Diffusion of One Gas Through a Second Stagnant Gas
123	Equimolar Counterdiffusion Molecular Diffusion in Liquids and Solids
124	Convection of Mass Mass Transfer Coefficient Analogy Between Convective Heat and Mass Transfer
128	Lewis Relation Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer Between Water-Wetted Surfaces and Air Enthalpy Potential
129	Basic Equations for Direct-Contact Equipment
130	Air Washers
131	Cooling Towers Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils
132	Symbols
133	References Bibliography
134	I-P_F09_Ch07 Terminology
135	Types of Control Action Two-Position Action Modulating Control
136	Combinations of Two-Position and Modulating
137	Classification by Energy Source Computers for Automatic Control Control Components Controlled Devices Valves
139	Dampers
141	Positive (Pilot) Positioners Sensors
142	Temperature Sensors Humidity Sensors Pressure Transmitters and Transducers
143	Flow Rate Sensors Indoor Air Quality Sensors Lighting Level Sensors Power Sensing and Transmission Controllers Digital Controllers
144	Electric/Electronic Controllers Pneumatic Receiver-Controllers Thermostats Auxiliary Control Devices
147	Communication Networks for Building Automation Systems Communication Protocols OSI Network Model Network Structure
148	Connections Between BAS Networks and Other Computer Networks
149	Transmission Media
150	Specifying BAS Networks Specification Method Communication Tasks Approaches to Interoperability Standard Protocols
151	Gateways and Interfaces Specifying DDC Systems Commissioning Tuning Tuning Proportional, PI, and PID Controllers
152	Tuning Digital Controllers
153	Computer Modeling of Control Systems Codes and Standards References Bibliography
154	I-P_F09_Ch08 Acoustical Design Objective Characteristics of Sound Levels Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level
155	Frequency Speed Wavelength Sound Power and Sound Power Level Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level
156	Combining Sound Levels Resonances Absorption and Reflection of Sound
157	Room Acoustics Acoustic Impedance Measuring Sound Instrumentation Time Averaging Spectra and Analysis Bandwidths
158	Sound Measurement Basics
159	Measurement of Room Sound Pressure Level
160	Measurement of Acoustic Intensity Determining Sound Power Free-Field Method Reverberation Room Method
161	Progressive Wave (In-Duct) Method Sound Intensity Method Measurement Bandwidths for Sound Power Converting from Sound Power to Sound Pressure
162	Sound Transmission Paths Spreading Losses Direct Versus Reverberant Fields Airborne Transmission Ductborne Transmission Room-to-Room Transmission
163	Structureborne Transmission Flanking Transmission Typical Sources of Sound Source Strength Directivity of Sources Acoustic Nearfield Controlling Sound Terminology
164	Enclosures and Barriers Partitions
165	Sound Attenuation in Ducts and Plenums
166	Standards for Testing Duct Silencers System Effects Human Response to Sound Noise
167	Predicting Human Response to Sound Sound Quality Loudness
168	Acceptable Frequency Spectrum Sound Rating Systems and Acoustical Design Goals A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA)
169	Noise Criteria (NC) Method Balanced Noise Criteria (NCB) Method
170	Room Criterion (RC) Method Room Criteria (RC) Mark II Method Procedure for Determining the RC Mark II Rating for a System
171	Estimating Occupant Satisfaction Using QAI Criteria Selection Guidelines Fundamentals of Vibration Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model
172	Mechanical Impedance Natural Frequency
173	Practical Application for Nonrigid Foundations Vibration Measurement Basics
174	Symbols References
175	Bibliography
176	I-P_F09_Ch09 Human Thermoregulation
177	Energy Balance Thermal Exchanges with the Environment
178	Body Surface Area Sensible Heat Loss from Skin Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin
179	Respiratory Losses Alternative Formulations
180	Total Skin Heat Loss
181	Engineering Data and Measurements Metabolic Rate and Mechanical Efficiency
182	Heat Transfer Coefficients
183	Clothing Insulation and Permeation Efficiency
185	Total Evaporative Heat Loss Environmental Parameters
186	Conditions for Thermal Comfort
187	Thermal Complaints
188	Thermal Comfort and Task Performance
189	Thermal Nonuniform Conditions and Local Discomfort Asymmetric Thermal Radiation Draft
190	Vertical Air Temperature Difference Warm or Cold Floors
191	Secondary Factors Affecting Comfort Day-to-Day Variations Age Adaptation Sex Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms Prediction of Thermal Comfort Steady-State Energy Balance
193	Two-Node Model
194	Adaptive Models Zones of Comfort and Discomfort
195	Environmental Indices Effective Temperature
196	Humid Operative Temperature Heat Stress Index Index of Skin Wettedness Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature
197	Wet-Globe Temperature Wind Chill Index
198	Special Environments Infrared Heating
199	Comfort Equations for Radiant Heating Hot and Humid Environments
200	Extremely Cold Environments
202	Symbols Codes and Standards
203	References
205	Bibliography
206	I-P_F09_Ch10 Background
207	Descriptions of Selected Health Sciences Epidemiology and Biostatistics
208	Industrial Hygiene Microbiology and Mycology Toxicology Hazard Recognition, Analysis, and Control Hazard Control
209	Airborne Contaminants Particles Industrial Environments
210	Synthetic Vitreous Fibers Combustion Nuclei
211	Particles in Nonindustrial Environments Bioaerosols
213	Gaseous Contaminants
214	Industrial Environments Nonindustrial Environments
217	Physical Agents Thermal Environment Range of Healthy Living Conditions Hypothermia
218	Hyperthermia Seasonal Patterns Increased Deaths in Heat Waves
219	Effects of Thermal Environment on Specific Diseases Injury from Hot and Cold Surfaces Electrical Hazards Mechanical Energies Vibration
220	Standard Limits
221	Sound and Noise Electromagnetic Radiation
222	Ionizing Radiation Nonionizing Radiation
223	Ergonomics
224	References
228	I-P_F09_Ch11 Classes of Air Contaminants
229	Particulate Contaminants Particulate Matter Solid Particles Liquid Particles Complex Particles Sizes of Airborne Particles
231	Particle Size Distribution Units of Measurement Measurement of Airborne Particles
233	Typical Particle Levels Bioaerosols Units of Measurement
234	Sampling Control
235	Gaseous Contaminants Harmful Effects of Gaseous Contaminants
237	Units of Measurement Measurement of Gaseous Contaminants
238	Volatile Organic Compounds
240	Controlling Exposure to VOCs
241	Inorganic Gases Controlling Exposures to Inorganic Gases
242	Air Contaminants by Source Outdoor Air Contaminants
243	Industrial Air Contaminants Nonindustrial Indoor Air Contaminants
244	Flammable Gases and Vapors
245	Combustible Dusts
246	Radioactive Air Contaminants Radon
247	Soil Gases References
249	Bibliography
250	I-P_F09_Ch12 Odor Sources Sense of Smell Olfactory Stimuli
251	Anatomy and Physiology Olfactory Acuity Factors Affecting Odor Perception Humidity and Temperature Sorption and Release of Odors Emotional Responses to Odors
252	Odor Sensation Attributes Detectability Intensity
253	Character
254	Hedonics Dilution of Odors by Ventilation Odor Concentration Analytical Measurement Odor Units
255	Olf Units References
257	Bibliography
258	I-P_F09_Ch13 Computational Fluid Dynamics Mathematical and Numerical Background
260	Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Approaches Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
261	Direction Numerical Simulation (DNS) Meshing for Computational Fluid Dynamics Structured Grids
262	Unstructured Grids Grid Quality Immersed Boundary Grid Generation Grid Independence
263	Boundary Conditions for Computational Fluid Dynamics Inlet Boundary Conditions
264	Outlet Boundary Conditions Wall/Surface Boundary Conditions
265	Symmetry Surface Boundary Conditions
266	Fixed Sources and Sinks Modeling Considerations CFD Modeling Approaches Planning Dimensional Accuracy and Faithfulness to Details CFD Simulation Steps Verification, Validation, and Reporting Results
267	Verification
269	Validation
270	Reporting CFD Results
271	Multizone Network Airflow and Contaminant Transport Modeling Multizone Airflow Modeling Theory
272	Solution Techniques
273	Contaminant Transport Modeling Fundamentals Solution Techniques Multizone Modeling Approaches Simulation Planning Steps
274	Verification and Validation Analytical Verification
275	Intermodel Comparison Empirical Validation
277	Symbols
278	References
280	Bibliography
282	I-P_F09_Ch14 Climatic Design Conditions Annual Design Conditions
284	Monthly Design Conditions
285	Data Sources Calculation of Design Conditions
286	Differences from Previously Published Design Conditions Applicability and Characteristics of Design Conditions
288	Calculating clear-sky solar radiation Solar Constant and Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation Equation of Time and Solar Time
289	Declination Sun Position
290	Air Mass Clear-Sky Solar Radiation Transposition to Receiving Surfaces of Various Orientations
291	Solar Angles Related to Receiving Surfaces Calculation of Clear-Sky Solar Irradiance Incident On Receiving Surface
292	Generating Design-Day Data Estimation of Degree-Days Monthly Degree-Days
293	Annual Degree-Days Representativeness of Data and Sources of Uncertainty Representativeness of Data
294	Uncertainty from Variation in Length of Record Effects of Climate Change
295	Episodes Exceeding the Design Dry-Bulb Temperature
296	Other Sources of Climatic Information Joint Frequency Tables of Psychrometric Conditions Degree Days and Climate Normals
297	Typical Year Data Sets Sequences of Extreme Temperature and Humidity Durations Global Weather Data Source Web Page Observational Data Sets References
298	Bibliography
299	I-P_F09_Ch15 Fenestration Components Glazing Units
300	Framing Shading Determining Fenestration Energy Flow
302	U-Factor (Thermal Transmittance) Determining Fenestration U-Factors Center-of-Glass U-Factor Edge-of-Glass U-Factor
303	Frame U-Factor Curtain Wall Construction Surface and Cavity Heat Transfer Coefficients
310	Representative U-Factors for Doors
311	Solar Heat Gain and Visible Transmittance Solar-Optical Properties of Glazing Optical Properties of Single Glazing Layers
313	Optical Properties of Glazing Systems
315	Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Calculation of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
316	Diffuse Radiation Solar Gain Through Frame and Other Opaque Elements Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, Visible Transmittance, and Spectrally Averaged Solar-Optical Property Values
317	Airflow Windows Skylights Glass Block Walls
326	Plastic Materials for Glazing Calculation of Solar Heat Gain
327	Opaque Fenestration Elements Shading and Fenestration Attachments Shading Roof Overhangs: Horizontal and Vertical Projections
328	Fenestration Attachments
329	Simplified Methodology Slat-Type Sunshades
330	Drapery
331	Roller Shades and Insect Screens
347	Visual and Thermal Controls Operational Effectiveness of Shading Devices Indoor Shading Devices Double Drapery
348	Air Leakage Infiltration Through Fenestration Indoor Air Movement
349	Daylighting Daylight Prediction
350	Light Transmittance and Daylight Use
352	Selecting Fenestration Annual Energy Performance Simplified Techniques for Rough Estimates of Fenestration Annual Energy Performance Simplified Residential Annual Energy Performance Ratings Condensation Resistance
354	Occupant Comfort and Acceptance
355	Sound Reduction Strength and Safety
356	Life-Cycle Costs Durability Supply and Exhaust Airflow Windows
357	Codes and Standards National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) United States Energy Policy Act (EPAct) The ICC 2006 International Energy Conservation Code ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 ASHRAE/USGBC/IESNA Draft Standard 189.1P
358	Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Symbols References
361	I-P_F09_Ch16 Sustainability Rating Systems Basic Concepts and Terminology Ventilation and Infiltration
362	Ventilation Air Forced-Air Distribution Systems Outside Air Fraction
363	Room Air Movement Air Exchange Rate
364	Time Constants Averaging Time-Varying Ventilation Age of Air
365	Air Change Effectiveness Tracer Gas Measurements Decay or Growth
366	Constant Concentration Constant Injection Multizone Air Exchange Measurement Driving Mechanisms for Ventilation and Infiltration Stack Pressure
367	Wind Pressure
368	Mechanical Systems Combining Driving Forces
369	Neutral Pressure Level Thermal Draft Coefficient
370	Indoor Air Quality
371	Protection from Extraordinary Events Thermal Loads
372	Effect on Envelope Insulation Infiltration Degree-Days Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Openings
373	Ceiling Heights Required Flow for Indoor Temperature Control Airflow Through Large Intentional Openings Flow Caused by Wind Only Flow Caused by Thermal Forces Only
374	Natural Ventilation Guidelines Hybrid Ventilation Residential Air Leakage Envelope Leakage Measurement
375	Airtightness Ratings Conversion Between Ratings Building Air Leakage Data
376	Air Leakage of Building Components Leakage Distribution
377	Multifamily Building Leakage Controlling Air Leakage Residential Ventilation
379	Residential Ventilation Zones Shelter in Place Safe Havens Residential Ventilation and IAQ Control Requirements
380	Source Control Local Exhaust
381	Whole-House Ventilation Air Distribution Selection Principles for Residential Ventilation Systems
382	Simplified Models of Residential Ventilation and Infiltration Empirical Models Multizone Models Single-Zone Models Superposition of Wind and Stack Effects
383	Residential Calculation Examples
384	Combining Residential Infiltration and Mechanical Ventilation
385	Commercial and Institutional Air Leakage Commercial Building Envelope Leakage Air Leakage Through Internal Partitions
386	Air Leakage Through Exterior Doors Air Leakage Through Automatic Doors
387	Air Exchange Through Air Curtains Commercial and Institutional Ventilation
388	Ventilation Rate Procedure Survey of Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings Office Building Example Location Building Occupancy
389	Infiltration Local Exhausts
390	Ventilation
391	Symbols References
396	Bibliography
397	I-P_F09_Ch17 Residential Features Calculation Approach
398	Other Methods Residential Heat Balance (RHB) Method Residential Load Factor (RLF) Method
399	Common Data and Procedures General Guidelines Basic Relationships Design Conditions
400	Building Data
401	Load Components
404	Cooling Load Peak Load Computation Opaque Surfaces Slab Floors
405	Transparent Fenestration Surfaces
406	Infiltration and Ventilation Internal Gain Air Distribution System: Heat Gain Total Latent Load
407	Summary of RLF Cooling Load Equations Heating Load Exterior Surfaces Above Grade Below-Grade and On-Grade Surfaces Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space
408	Ventilation and Infiltration Humidification Pickup Load Summary of Heating Load Procedures Load Calculation Example Solution
410	Symbols
411	References
412	Bibliography
413	I-P_F09_Ch18 Cooling Load Calculation Principles Terminology Heat Flow Rates
414	Time Delay Effect Cooling Load Calculation Methods Cooling Load Calculations in Practice
415	Data Assembly Internal Heat Gains People Lighting Instantaneous Heat Gain from Lighting
418	Electric Motors Overloading or Underloading Radiation and Convection Appliances
419	Cooking Appliances
420	Hospital and Laboratory Equipment Office Equipment
423	Infiltration and Moisture Migration Heat Gains Infiltration
425	Standard Air Volumes Heat Gain Calculations Using Standard Air Values
426	Latent Heat Gain from Moisture Diffusion Other Latent Loads Fenestration Heat Gain Fenestration Direct Solar , Diffuse Solar , and Conductive Heat Gains
427	Exterior Shading Heat Balance Method Assumptions Elements Outside-Face Heat Balance
428	Wall Conduction Process Inside-Face Heat Balance
429	Using SHGC to Calculate Solar Heat Gain
430	Air Heat Balance General Zone for Load Calculation
431	Mathematical Description Conduction Process Heat Balance Equations Overall HB Iterative Solution
432	Input Required Radiant Time Series (RTS) Method
433	Assumptions and Principles Overview
434	RTS Procedure Heat Gain Through Exterior Surfaces Sol-Air Temperature
435	Calculating Conductive Heat Gain Using Conduction Time Series
437	Heat Gain Through Interior Surfaces Floors
438	Calculating Cooling Load
440	Heating Load Calculations
442	Heat Loss Calculations Outdoor Design Conditions Indoor Design Conditions Calculation of Transmission Heat Losses
444	Infiltration Heating Safety Factors and Load Allowances Other Heating Considerations System Heating and Cooling Load Effects Zoning
445	Ventilation Air Heat Transport Systems On/Off Control Systems Variable-Air-Volume Systems Constant-Air-Volume Reheat Systems Mixed Air Systems Heat Gain from Fans
446	Duct Surface Heat Transfer Duct Leakage Ceiling Return Air Plenum Temperatures
447	Ceiling Plenums with Ducted Returns Floor Plenum Distribution Systems Plenums in Load Calculations Central Plant Piping
448	Pumps Example Cooling and Heating Load Calculations Single-Room Example Room Characteristics Cooling Loads Using RTS Method
456	Single-Room Example Peak Heating Load
457	Whole-Building Example Design Process and Shell Building Definition
458	Tenant Fit Design Process and Definition
459	Room by Room Cooling and Heating Loads
460	Conclusions
461	Previous Cooling Load Calculation Methods References
464	Bibliography
467	Building Example Drawings
475	I-P_F09_Ch19 General Considerations Models and Approaches Characteristics of Models Forward Models
476	Data-Driven Models
477	Choosing an Analysis Method Selecting Energy Analysis Computer Programs Tools for Energy Analysis Component Modeling and Loads Calculating Space Sensible Loads
478	Heat Balance Method
479	Weighting-Factor Method
480	Normalized Coefficients of Space Air Transfer Functions Thermal-Network Methods
481	Ground Heat Transfer Simplified Calculation Method for Slab Foundations and Basements
483	Secondary System Components Fans, Pumps, and Distribution Systems
484	Heat and Mass Transfer Components
485	Application to Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils
486	Primary System Components Modeling Strategies
488	Boiler Model
489	Vapor Compression Chiller Models
490	Cooling Tower Model
491	System Modeling Overall Modeling Strategies Degree-Day and Bin Methods
492	Balance Point Temperature Annual Degree-Day Method
494	Monthly Degree-Days
495	Bin Method
496	Correlation Methods Simulating Secondary and Primary Systems
497	Modeling of System Controls Integration of System Models
498	Data-Driven Modeling Categories of Data-Driven Methods Empirical or “Black-Box” Approach Calibrated Simulation Approach
499	Gray-Box Approach Types of Data-Driven Models Steady-State Models
503	Dynamic Models
504	Examples Using Data-Driven Methods Modeling Utility Bill Data Neural Network Models
505	Model Selection MODEL VALIDATION AND TESTING
506	Methodological Basis External Error Types Internal Error Types
507	Summary of Previous Testing and Validation Work References
511	Bibliography
515	I-P_F09_Ch20 Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability
516	Applicable Standards and Codes Terminology
517	Principles of Jet Behavior Air Jet Fundamentals
520	Isothermal Radial Flow Jets Nonisothermal Jets Nonisothermal Horizontal Free Jet Comparison of Free Jet to Attached Jet Surface Jets (Wall and Ceiling)
521	Multiple Jets Airflow in Occupied Zone System Design Mixed-Air Systems Outlet Types
523	Outlet Selection and Location
525	Inlet Selection and Location Ceiling-Based Air Diffusion
526	System Performance Evaluation
528	Fully Stratified Systems Convective Flows Associated with Space Heat Sources Characteristics of Thermal Plumes
529	Vertical temperature Distribution
530	Contaminant Distribution Design Methods Ventilation and Heating Outlet Types
531	Outlet Selection and Location Return Inlet Selection and Location System Performance Evaluation Partially Mixed Systems
532	Lower (Mixed) Zone Stratified Zone Upper (Mixed) Zone Temperature Near Floor Stratification Height
533	Controlling Stratification Heating Systems Outlets Types Outlet Selection and Location Return Inlet Selection and Location
534	System Performance Evaluation Task/Ambient Conditioning (TAC) Symbols References
536	Bibliography
537	I-P_F09_Ch21 Bernoulli Equation
538	Head and Pressure Static Pressure Velocity Pressure Total Pressure Pressure Measurement System Analysis
541	Pressure Changes in System
542	Fluid Resistance Friction Losses Darcy and Colebrook Equations Roughness Factors
543	Friction Chart Noncircular Ducts
545	Dynamic Losses Local Loss Coefficients Duct Fitting Database Bends in Flexible Duct
547	Ductwork Sectional Losses Darcy-Weisbach Equation Fan/System Interface Fan Inlet and Outlet Conditions Fan System Effect Coefficients
549	Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing Considerations Duct System Design Design Considerations Space Pressure Relationships Fire and Smoke Management
550	Duct Insulation Duct System Leakage
551	System Component Design Velocities
552	System and Duct Noise Testing and Balancing Duct Design Methods Equal-Friction Method Static Regain Method
553	T-Method Balancing Dampers Constant-Volume (CV) Systems Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems
554	HVAC Duct Design Procedures
555	Industrial Exhaust System Duct Design
557	References
562	Fitting Loss Coefficients Round Fittings
588	Rectangular Fittings
605	I-P_F09_Ch22 Pressure Drop Equations Darcy-Weisbach Equation Hazen-Williams Equation Valve and Fitting Losses
608	Losses in Multiple Fittings Calculating Pressure Losses
609	Water Piping Flow Rate Limitations Noise Generation Erosion Allowances for Aging
610	Water Hammer Other Considerations Other Piping Materials and Fluids Hydronic System Piping Range of Usage of Pressure Drop Charts Air Separation
612	Valve and Fitting Pressure Drop Service Water Piping
615	Plastic Pipe Procedure for Sizing Cold Water Systems
616	Steam Piping Pipe Sizes
617	Sizing Charts Low-Pressure Steam Piping High-Pressure Steam Piping Use of Basic and Velocity Multiplier Charts Steam Condensate Systems Two-Pipe Systems
623	One-Pipe Systems
624	Gas Piping
625	Fuel Oil Piping
626	Pipe Sizes for Heavy Oil References
629	I-P_F09_Ch23 Design Considerations Energy Conservation Economic Thickness
630	Personnel Protection
631	Condensation Control Freeze Prevention
632	Noise Control
633	Fire Safety
634	Corrosion Under Insulation
635	Materials and Systems Categories of Insulation Materials Physical Properties of Insulation Materials
636	Weather Protection
637	Vapor Retarders
638	Installation Pipe Insulation
640	Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment Ducts
643	Design Data Estimating Heat Loss and Gain Controlling Surface Temperatures
645	Project Specifications
646	Standards
647	References
649	I-P_F09_Ch24 Flow Patterns
651	Wind Pressure on Buildings Local Wind Pressure Coefficients
652	Surface-Averaged Wall Pressures Roof Pressures
653	Interference and Shielding Effects on Pressures
654	Sources of Wind Data Estimating Wind at Sites Remote from Recording Stations
655	Wind Effects on System Operation Natural and Mechanical Ventilation
657	Minimizing Wind Effect on System Volume Chemical Hood Operation Building Pressure Balance and Internal Flow Control Pressure Balance Internal Flow Control Physical and Computational Modeling Computational Modeling
658	Physical Modeling
659	Similarity Requirements Wind Simulation Facilities Designing Model Test Programs
660	Symbols References
662	Bibliography
663	I-P_F09_Ch25 Terminology and Symbols Heat
664	Air Moisture Environmental Hygrothermal Loads Ambient Temperature and Humidity
665	Solar Radiation Exterior Condensation Wind-Driven Rain
666	Construction Moisture Ground- and Surface Water Air Pressure Differentials Heat Transfer
667	Steady-State Thermal Response Thermal Resistance of a Flat Assembly
668	Combined Convective and Radiative Surface Transfer Heat Flow Across an Air Space Total Thermal Resistance of a Flat Building Assembly
669	Thermal Transmittance of a Flat Building Assembly Interface Temperatures in a Flat Building Component Series and Parallel Heat Flow Paths Thermal Bridges and Whole-Assembly Thermal Transmittance Transient Thermal Response Airflow
670	Water Vapor Flow by Air Movement Heat Flux with Airflow Moisture Transfer Moisture Storage in Building Materials
672	Moisture Flow Mechanisms Water Vapor Flow by Diffusion Water Flow by Capillary Suction
673	Liquid Flow at Low Moisture Content
674	Transient Moisture Flow Combined Heat, Air , and Moisture Transfer Simplified Hygrothermal Design Calculations and Analyses Surface Humidity and Condensation
675	Interstitial Condensation and Drying Dew-Point Methods Transient Computational Analysis
676	Criteria to Evaluate Hygrothermal Simulation Results Thermal Comfort Perceived Air Quality Human Health Durability of Finishes and Structure
677	Energy Efficiency References
679	I-P_F09_Ch26 Thermal Properties Air Spaces Surface Resistances Air Cavities
680	Building and Thermal Insulation Materials Thermal Insulation Materials
682	Basic Materials Physical Structure and Form Apparent Thermal Conductivity
689	Mechanical Properties Health and Safety
690	Acoustics Other Properties Building Materials Property Data Soils
691	Air Transmission and Hygric Properties Air Barriers and Water Vapor Retarders Air Barriers
692	Vapor Retarders Functions and Properties
693	Classifications Air Transmission and Water Vapor Property Data Moisture Storage Data
696	Codes and Standards
697	References
700	Bibliography
701	I-P_F09_Ch27 Heat Transfer One-Dimensional U-Factor Calculation Wall U-Factor
702	Roof U-Factor Attics Basement Walls and Floors
703	Two-Dimensional U-Factor Calculation Wood-Frame Walls
704	Masonry Walls Constructions Containing Metal
705	Zone Method of Calculation
706	Modified Zone Method for Metal Stud Walls with Insulated Cavities
707	Complex Assemblies
708	Windows and Doors Moisture Transport Wall or Roof with Insulated Sheathing Vapor Pressure Profile (Glaser or Dew-Point) Analysis
709	Winter Wall Wetting Examples
711	Transient Hygrothermal Modeling
712	Air Movement Equivalent Permeance References
713	Bibliography
715	I-P_F09_Ch28 Principles of Combustion Combustion Reactions Flammability Limits
716	Table 1 Combustion Reactions of Common Fuel Constituents Table 2 Flammability Limits and Ignition Temperatures of Common Fuels in Fuel/Air Mixtures Ignition Temperature Combustion Modes
717	Heating Value Table 3 Heating Values of Substances Occurring in Common Fuels Altitude Compensation
718	Fig. 1 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances Fig. 1 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances
719	Fuel Classification Gaseous Fuels Types and Properties
720	Table 4 Propane/Air and Butane/Air Gas Mixtures Liquid Fuels Types of Fuel Oils Characteristics of Fuel Oils
721	Fig. 2 Approximate Viscosity of Fuel Oils Fig. 2 Approximate Viscosity of Fuel Oils Table 5 Sulfur Content of Marketed Fuel Oils Table 6 Typical API Gravity, Density, and Higher Heating Value of Standard Grades of Fuel Oil
722	Types and Properties of Liquid Fuels for Engines Solid Fuels Types of Coals Table 7 Classification of Coals by Ranka
723	Characteristics of Coal Table 8 Typical Ultimate Analyses for Coals Combustion Calculations
724	Air Required for Combustion Table 9 Approximate Air Requirements for Stoichiometric Combustion of Fuels
725	Table 10 Approximate Air Requirements for Stoichiometric Combustion of Various Fuels Table 11 Approximate Maximum Theoretical (Stoichiometric) CO2 Values, and CO2 Values of Various Fuels with Different Percentages of Excess Air Theoretical CO2 Quantity of Flue Gas Produced
726	Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas Fig. 3 Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas Fig. 3 Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas Sample Combustion Calculations
727	Fig. 4 Theoretical Dew Points of Combustion Products of Industrial Fuels Fig. 4 Theoretical Dew Points of Combustion Products of Industrial Fuels Efficiency Calculations Fig. 5 Influence of Sulfur Oxides on Flue Gas Dew Point Fig. 5 Influence of Sulfur Oxides on Flue Gas Dew Point
728	Seasonal Efficiency Combustion Considerations Air Pollution
729	Fig. 6 Flue Gas Losses with Various Fuels Fig. 6 Flue Gas Losses with Various Fuels
730	Table 12 NOx Emission Factors for Combustion Sources Without Emission Controls Condensation and Corrosion
731	Abnormal Combustion Noise in Gas Appliances Soot References
732	Bibliography
733	I-P_F09_Ch29 Refrigerant Properties Global Environmental Properties
736	Physical Properties
737	Electrical Properties Sound Velocity
738	Refrigerant Performance
740	Safety Leak Detection Electronic Detection Bubble Method UV Dye Method
741	Ammonia Leaks Effect on Construction Materials Metals Elastomers
742	Plastics References Bibliography
743	I-P_F09_Ch30
744	Refrigerant 12
746	Refrigerant 22
748	Refrigerant 23
750	Refrigerant 32
752	Refrigerant 123
754	Refrigerant 124
756	Refrigerant 125
758	Refrigerant 134a
762	Refrigerant 143a
764	Refrigerant 152a
766	Refrigerant 245fa
768	Refrigerant 404A
770	Refrigerant 407C
772	Refrigerant 410A
774	Refrigerant 507A
776	Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia)
778	Refrigerant 718 (Water/Steam)
780	Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide)
782	Refrigerant 50 (Methane)
784	Refrigerant 170 (Ethane)
786	Refrigerant 290 (Propane)
788	Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane)
790	Refrigerant 600a (Isobutane)
792	Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene)
794	Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene)
796	Refrigerant 702 (Normal Hydrogen)
798	Refrigerant 702p (Parahydrogen)
800	Refrigerant 704 (Helium)
802	Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen)
804	Refrigerant 729 (Air)
806	Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen)
808	Refrigerant 740 (Argon)
810	Ammonia/Water Solutions Prepared by Kwang Kim and Keith Herold, Center for Environmental Energy Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park
812	Water/Lithium Bromide Solutions
813	Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions
814	References
819	I-P_F09_Ch31 Brines Physical Properties
822	Corrosion Inhibition Inhibited Glycols Physical Properties
829	Corrosion Inhibition Service Considerations
830	Halocarbons
831	Nonhalocarbon, Nonaqueous Fluids References Bibliography
832	I-P_F09_Ch32 Desiccant Applications Desiccant Cycle
834	Types of Desiccants Liquid Absorbents
835	Solid Adsorbents
836	Desiccant Isotherms Desiccant Life Cosorption of Water Vapor and Indoor Air Contaminants
837	References Bibliography
838	I-P_F09_Ch33
841	References
842	I-P_F09_Ch34 Characteristics of Energy and Energy Resource Forms Forms of On-Site Energy Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources Characteristics of Fossil Fuels and Electricity
843	On-Site Energy/Energy Resource Relationships Quantifiable Relationships Intangible Relationships
844	Summary Energy Resource Planning Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) Tradable Emission Credits
845	Overview of Global Energy Resources World Energy Resources Production Reserves
846	Consumption
847	Carbon Emissions U.S. Energy Use Per Capita Energy Consumption
848	Projected Overall Energy Consumption
849	Outlook Summary U.S. Agencies and Associations References Bibliography
850	I-P_F09_Ch35 Definition Characteristics of Sustainability Sustainability Addresses the Future Sustainability Has Many Contributors Sustainability Is Comprehensive Technology Plays Only a Partial Role
851	Factors Impacting Sustainability Primary HVAC&R Considerations in Sustainable Design Energy Resource Availability Fresh Water Supply
852	Effective and Efficient Use of Energy Resources and Water Material Resource Availability and Management Air, Noise, and Water Pollution Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal Factors Driving Sustainability into Design Practice Climate Change
853	Regulatory Environment Evolving Standards of Care Changing Design Process
854	Other Opportunities Designing for Effective Energy Resource Use Energy Ethic: Resource Conservation Design Principles Energy and Power Simplicity Self-Imposed Budgets Design Process for Energy-Efficient Projects
855	Building Energy Use Elements
857	References Bibliography
858	I-P_F09_Ch36 Terminology
860	Uncertainty Analysis Uncertainty Sources Uncertainty of a Measured Variable
861	Temperature Measurement Sampling and Averaging
862	Static Temperature Versus Total Temperature Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers Sources of Thermometer Errors Resistance Thermometers
863	Resistance Temperature Devices
864	Thermistors Semiconductor Devices Thermocouples
865	Wire Diameter and Composition Multiple Thermocouples
866	Surface Temperature Measurement Thermocouple Construction Optical Pyrometry Infrared Radiation Thermometers Infrared Thermography
867	Humidity Measurement Psychrometers
868	Dew-Point Hygrometers Condensation Dew-Point Hygrometers Salt-Phase Heated Hygrometers Mechanical Hygrometers Electrical Impedance and Capacitance Hygrometers Dunmore Hygrometers
869	Polymer Film Electronic Hygrometers Ion Exchange Resin Electric Hygrometers Impedance-Based Porous Ceramic Electronic Hygrometers Aluminum Oxide Capacitive Sensor Electrolytic Hygrometers Piezoelectric Sorption Spectroscopic (Radiation Absorption) Hygrometers Gravimetric Hygrometers Calibration
870	Pressure Measurement Units Instruments Pressure Standards Mechanical Pressure Gages
871	Electromechanical Transducers General Considerations
872	Air Velocity Measurement Airborne Tracer Techniques Anemometers Deflecting Vane Anemometers Propeller or Revolving (Rotating) Vane Anemometers Cup Anemometers Thermal Anemometers
874	Laser Doppler Velocimeters (or Anemometers) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Pitot-Static Tubes Example Calculation
875	Measuring Flow in Ducts
876	Airflow-Measuring Hoods Flow Rate Measurement Flow Measurement Methods Venturi, Nozzle, and Orifice Flowmeters
878	Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters) Positive-Displacement Meters Turbine Flowmeters
879	Air Infiltration, Airtightness, and Outdoor Air Ventilation Rate Measurement
880	Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Measurement Nondispersive Infrared CO2 Detectors Calibration
881	Applications Amperometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors Photoacoustic CO2 Detectors Open-Cell Sensors Closed-Cell Sensors Potentiometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors Colorimetric Detector Tubes
882	Laboratory Measurements Electric Measurement Ammeters Voltmeters Wattmeters Power-Factor Meters Rotative Speed Measurement Tachometers Stroboscopes AC Tachometer-Generators
884	Sound and Vibration Measurement Sound Measurement Microphones Sound Measurement Systems Frequency Analysis Sound Chambers
885	Calibration Vibration Measurement Transducers Vibration Measurement Systems Calibration
886	Lighting Measurement Thermal Comfort Measurement Clothing and Activity Level Air Temperature Air Velocity Plane Radiant Temperature Mean Radiant Temperature
887	Air Humidity Calculating Thermal Comfort Integrating Instruments Moisture Content and Transfer Measurement Sorption Isotherm Vapor Permeability
888	Liquid Diffusivity Heat Transfer Through Building Materials Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductance and Resistance Air Contaminant Measurement
889	Combustion Analysis Flue Gas Analysis Data Acquisition and Recording Digital Recording
890	Data-Logging Devices Standards
891	Symbols
892	References
893	Bibliography
894	I-P_F09_Ch37 Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs Computer Programs Letter Symbols
903	Piping System Identification Definitions Method of Identification
904	Codes and Standards
906	I-P_F09_Ch38
908	I-P_F09_Ch39 Selected Codes and Standards Published by Various Societies and Associations (Continued)
933	Organizations
936	2009INDEX_I-PIX

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2009	975


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Standard Title	ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook
Published Code	ASHRAE
Publication Date	2009
Pages Count	975

2009 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals TOC

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