{"id":450589,"date":"2024-10-20T09:12:11","date_gmt":"2024-10-20T09:12:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/bs-iec-62548-12023\/"},"modified":"2024-10-26T17:09:43","modified_gmt":"2024-10-26T17:09:43","slug":"bs-iec-62548-12023","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/bsi\/bs-iec-62548-12023\/","title":{"rendered":"BS IEC 62548-1:2023"},"content":{"rendered":"

PDF Catalog<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nundefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nCONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nFOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n1 Scope
2 Normative references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\n3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n3.2 Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n3.3 Abbreviated terms
4 Compliance with IEC 60364 series <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\n5 PV array system configuration
5.1 General
5.1.1 Functional configuration of a PV system
5.1.2 PV system topologies
Figures
Figure 1 \u2013 General functional configuration of a PV powered system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\n5.1.3 Array electrical diagrams <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\nFigure 2 \u2013 PV array diagram \u2013 single string example <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\nFigure 3 \u2013 PV array diagram \u2013 multiple parallel string example <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\nFigure 4 \u2013 PV array diagram \u2013 multiple parallel string examplewith array divided into sub-arrays <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\nFigure 5 \u2013 PV array example using a PCE with multiple MPPT DC inputs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\nFigure 6 \u2013 PV array example using a PCE with multiple DCinputs internally connected to a common DC bus <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\n5.1.4 Use of PCE with multiple DC inputs
5.1.5 PV arrays using DCUs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\nFigure 7 \u2013 PV string constructed using DCUs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\nFigure 8 \u2013 Example of partial DCU string <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\nFigure 9 \u2013 PV parallel strings constructed using DCUs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\nFigure 10 \u2013 PV string(s) connected to DCUs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\n5.1.6 Series-parallel configuration
5.1.7 Batteries in systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\n5.1.8 Backfeed and reverse currents
5.1.9 Considerations due to prospective fault current conditions within a PV array
5.1.10 Considerations due to operating temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\n5.1.11 Performance issues <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\n5.1.12 Potential induced degradation
5.1.13 Corrosion
5.1.14 Mechanical design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\n5.1.15 Mechanical loads on PV structures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\n6 Safety issues
6.1 General
6.2 Protection against electric shock
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Protective measure: double or reinforced insulation
6.2.3 Protective measure: extra-low-voltage provided by SELV or PELV
6.3 Protection against thermal effects
6.3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\n6.3.2 Protection against fire caused by arcs
6.3.3 Protection against arc flash
6.4 Protection against the effects of insulation faults
6.4.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\n6.4.2 Segregation of PV circuits from other circuits
6.4.3 Earth fault detection and indication requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\nTables
Table 1 \u2013 Requirements for different system types basedon PCE separation and PV array functional earthing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\nTable 2 \u2013 Minimum insulation resistance thresholds for detection of failure of insulation to earth <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\nTable 3 \u2013 Trip current of functional earthing overcurrent protection. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\n6.5 Protection against overcurrent
6.5.1 General
6.5.2 Requirement for overcurrent protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\n6.5.3 Requirements for overcurrent protection of circuits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\nTable 4 \u2013 Overcurrent protection nominal rating <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\n6.5.4 Overcurrent protection for PV systems connected to batteries
Figure 11 \u2013 Example of a PV array diagram where strings are groupedunder one overcurrent protection device per group <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\n6.5.5 Overcurrent protection location
6.6 Protection against effects of lightning and overvoltage
6.6.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\n6.6.2 Protection against overvoltage
Table 5 \u2013 Calculation of the critical length Lcrit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\n7 Selection and erection of electrical equipment
7.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\n7.2 Component requirements
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Current rating of PV circuits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\n7.2.3 PV modules
Table 6 \u2013 Minimum current rating of circuits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\n7.2.4 PV array and PV string combiner boxes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\n7.2.5 Fuses
7.2.6 Circuit breakers used for overcurrent protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\n7.2.7 Isolation means and isolation means with breaking capabilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\n7.2.8 Cables <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\n7.2.9 Plugs, sockets and connectors in PV circuits
Figure 12 \u2013 Examples of reinforced protection of wiring <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\n7.2.10 Wiring in combiner boxes
7.2.11 Bypass diodes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\n7.2.12 Blocking diodes
7.2.13 Power conversion equipment (PCE) including DC conditioning units (DCUs) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\n7.3 Location and installation requirements
7.3.1 Isolation means
Table 7 \u2013 Isolation means in PV array installations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\n7.3.2 Earthing and bonding arrangements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\nFigure 13 \u2013 PV array exposed conductive partsfunctional earthing\/bonding decision tree <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\nFigure 14 \u2013 Exposed conductive parts earthing in a PV array <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\n7.3.3 Wiring system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\nFigure 15 \u2013 Examples of string wiring with minimum loop area <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\n8 Acceptance
9 Operation\/maintenance
10 Marking and documentation
10.1 Equipment marking
10.2 Requirements for signs
10.3 Identification of a PV installation
10.4 Labelling of PV array and PV string combiner boxes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\n10.5 Labelling of isolation means
10.5.1 General
10.5.2 PV array isolation means with breaking capabilities
10.6 Warning sign for anti-PID equipment
10.7 Documentation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nAnnex A (informative)Examples of signs
Figure A.1 \u2013 Example of sign required on PV array combiner boxes (10.4)
Figure A.2 \u2013 Example of switchboard sign for identification of PV on a building <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\nAnnex B (informative)Examples of system earthingconfigurations in PV arrays
Figure B.1 \u2013 Functionally earthed system topologies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\nFigure B.2 \u2013 Non-earth-referenced system topologies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\nFigure B.3 \u2013 Non-separated system topologies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\nAnnex C (informative)Blocking diode
C.1 General
C.2 Use of blocking diodes to prevent overcurrent\/fault current in arrays
C.3 Examples of blocking diode use in fault situations
C.3.1 General
C.3.2 Short circuit in PV string <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\nFigure C.1 \u2013 Effect of blocking diode where there is a short circuit in PV string
Figure C.2 \u2013 Effect of blocking diode where there is an earth faulton a system with earthing on the negative side <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nC.4 Specification of blocking diode
C.5 Heat dissipation design for blocking diode
Figure C.3 \u2013 Effect of blocking diode where there isan earth fault on a system with positive side earthing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\nAnnex D (informative)Arc fault detection and interruption in PV arrays
Figure D.1 \u2013 Examples of types of arcs in PV arrays <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\nAnnex E (normative)DVC limits
Table E.1 \u2013 Summary of the limits of the decisive voltage classes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\nAnnex F (normative)Determination of maximum voltage and maximum currents in PV circuits
F.1 UOC MAX
F.1.1 PV array maximum voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\nF.1.2 PV strings constructed using DC conditioning units
Table F.1 \u2013 Voltage correction factors for crystallineand multi-crystalline silicon PV modules <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\nF.2 String maximum current
F.3 Calculation of potential fault currents originating from the array
F.3.1 General
F.3.2 String
F.3.3 Sub-array
F.3.4 Array <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\nF.4 KI factor \u2013 general
F.5 KCorr factor \u2013 under unique environmental conditions
Table F.2 \u2013 Environmental conditions covered by KCorr = 1,0 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\nF.6 KCorr factor \u2013 non optimally oriented monofacial arrays
F.7 KCorr factor \u2013 bifacial arrays
Table F.3 \u2013 Example KCorr values at different orientations and tilt for 47\u00ba north latitude <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\nF.8 KCorr factor \u2013 for arrays containing non-optimally oriented bifacial modules <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\nAnnex G (normative)Backfeed current and PV reverse currents under fault conditions
G.1 General
G.2 Illustrated examples
Figure G.1 \u2013 Backfeed from inverter with single PV input and internal battery <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\nFigure G.2 \u2013 Inverter with multiple PV inputs and external battery <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
96<\/td>\nG.3 Backfeed currents and PV reverse currents where subarrays are not combined in the PCE
Figure G.3 \u2013 Backfeed where subarrays are combined externally to PCE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\nAnnex H (normative)Anti-PID
H.1 General
H.2 DC bias applied during night
Figure H.1 \u2013 Example anti-PID control using bias on dc side at night <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\nH.3 DC bias applied to array output
Figure H.2 \u2013 Example of anti-PID control using bias on DC side <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\nH.4 DC bias applied to AC system
Figure H.3 \u2013 Example of anti-PID control using bias on AC side <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\nAnnex I (informative)Arc flash <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\nAnnex J (normative)Qualification of DCU group voltage
J.1 Overview
J.2 Test 1: Maximum voltage operational test procedure
J.3 Test 2: Overvoltage test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
105<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Photovoltaic (PV) arrays – Design requirements<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BSI<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2023<\/td>\n108<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":450592,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2641],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-450589","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-bsi","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/450589","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/450592"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=450589"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=450589"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=450589"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}